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NUMBERS AND LOSSES
IN THE CIVIL WAR
IN AMERICA
1861-65
BT
THOMAS L. LIYERMORE
Metnber of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, and
during the war, Major and Brevet Colonel of the 5th New
Hampshire Volunteers and Colonel of the 18th
New Hampshire Volunteers
BOSTON AND NEW TORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
«bc BiticrjiiDe pttii^, CambtiOoe
' 1901
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The printed text of Uiii copy
is the original v.tilch ha? been
preserved by transfenuife it, m
1950, to new Tag papT.
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S-S-c^
JUL"! ' 1909. ERRATA IN AND ADDITIONS TO " NUM-
BERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR IN AMER-
ICA," 2d EDITION. BY THOMAS L. LIVERMORE.
Page 1. Add to note 1 : " This includes 105,693 seamen and marines enlisted
in the Navy. Mem. of Records and Pension Office, April 14, 1896."
Page 8. Add Note 3}, referring to 885,000 in the text: "The report of the
Bureau of Conscription of Jan. 1, 1864, states that 566,456 men had been fur-
nished to regular organizations up to that date by Virginia, the Carolinas, Ala-
bama, and Mississippi. 129 W. R. 102."
Page 22. In 17th line, for "56 " read " 50." Add Note li, referring to para-
graph in lines 10-14 : " Colonel Bruce has pointed out (Letter in iiles of M. H. S.)
♦.hat the Reserres who came within the military age after 1860, being already
counted in the 265,000 (ajUe, p. 21), ought not to be counted in the irregular or-
ganizations. As there appear in the General Index of the War Records irregu-
lar organizations, equivalent to about 460 regiments, the Reserves — equivalent
to about 60 regiments — may be excluded without reducing the estimate of
98,000 for the number in irregular organizations which was based on Colonel
Stone's list of 160 regiments (antet p. 22 ; post^ p. 35)."
Page 23. Add to note 1 : " It is urged, with force, that in other States there
was much evasion of conscription, but this seems mainly to have been in the
form of volunteering, as well in regular organizations, as in irregular ones which
must be counted as a part of the Confederate force. Some deduction should be
made for foreigners and for Northerners who escaped from the seceding States
at the beginning of the war. The writer has estimated the number as possibly
about 30,000. Paper on Confederate numbers, in files of M. H. S."
Add note 3, referring to the number of North Carolina troops ; " Nov. 19, 1864,
the Adjutant-General of North Carolina reported to the Governor th.i-- the State
had then furnished to the Confederate army 125,000 men, including a i estimate
of 21,608 volunteer recruits and 3103 in unattached companies and la troops of
other States. 29 So. Hist. Soc. 206."
Page 30. Add note referring to the first paragraph. " The writer has com-
piled from the General Index of the War Records a list of regular organizations
(including partisan rangers) equivalent to more than lOOO regiments, and irregu-
lar organizations equivalent to more than 460 regiments. In compiling this list
he endeavored to avoid counting any organization twice, by excluding all those
which in the General Index are noted with a query or as consolidated, renum-
bered, or renamed."
Page 40. To paragraph entitled " Estimates by others," add : " In the Cen-
sus of 1890 there appear 1,034,073 surviving Union soldiers and sailors and
432,020 Confederates. Proportionately to 2,300,000 on the Union muster rolls
ERRA TA
the Confederates Tould be the survivois of 960,000. Upon the basis of life
tables, it has been estiniatud by the Records and Pension Office that there
would bo 1,28"),471 Union survivors. As it is not probable that the census
takers would miss a greater proportion of Union than of Confederate survivors,
a corresponding increase in the number of Confederate survivors would be neces-
sary for comparison with this estimate of Union survivors.
Page 4o. To 73.ir>l against Miss, and E. La. add 0900 for Bowen's dirision,
38 W. R. r.'J2-(i09.
To total for Jan. ISftJ, add for Dist. of West La. : Dec. 4, 1862,
7,224. 33 W. R. 810; fop Trans. Miss. Jan. 31, 1863, 10,149.
32 W. R. 807-8.
Page 60. Under Georgia add the following: " 12 regiments, 2 legions, and
23 battalions (all but three battalions forming the State Guard) were mustered
out Feb. 4, 1864. 129 W. R. 310-311. July 9, 1S64, the Governor ordered
into active service all the reserve militia of the State between 50 and 55 years
of age, and all between 16 and 17, who resided south of a line east and west
through Macon. 110 VV. R. 689."
" Transpose lines 18 and 19, ' May 7, 1863,' etc., to follow line 37 under
' Texas,' " and add to note t, " vol. 128, p. 548."
Page 77. BuW iJun, .lii/y 21, 1861. Add to Note a :—" The 4th Pa. and Co.
E. 2d U. S. Cav. should be deducted, but probably would be more than offset
by the 1st and 2d N. J. and the DeKalb regiments, which should be added.
1 B. & L. p. 194 ; 2 W. R. 321."
Page 79. Shiloh. For " 42,682 " read " 41,682 ; " for " 62,682 " read " 61,682 ; "
for " 162 " read " 1G5 ; " for " 155 " read " 1.57."
Add to note 3 : " 1000 is deducted for estimated number in 56th and 5Sth
Ohio and a half section of Thurber's battery, left at Cramp's Landing. 10
W. R. 170."
Page 92. Antietam For " Morell's " read " Humphreys'," in 3d line.
Page 98. ChanceltorsvilU and Fredericksburg. In note 4 insert "3d "next
after " 2d."
Page 111. Wilderness. Change reference to note 1 from " artillery" to" Long-
street's Corps,'" and at " R. D. Johnston's brigade" change reference "3"
to " 2."
Add to note 1 : " Thomas's, Johnson's, and Grade's brigades absent (67
W. R. 22). See Manassas to Appomattox, p. 553, as to strength of Longstreet's
Corps."
Page 113. DreuT!/s Bluff. Against " 4260 " cite " 68 W. R. 13 et seg."
Page 115. Petersburg, June 15-18, 1864. Substitute "74,038" for "77,438,"
and change succeeding figures accordingly.
Add to note 1 : " Hincks' division is above included in 18th Corps. Ferrero's
division, estimated at .'5400, is deducted from strength of 9th Corps. 80 ,W. R.
!',94."
In note c change " 180" to " 2,53,2.'>4." and add " Va. Camp. 224." Add as
note h: 69 W. R. SOI, and refer it to " 1624 '' (against Dearing's Cavalry).
Add to note 3 ; " Included in the 1816 missing are 708 of the ."itli and 9th
Corps, who must have beun lost on June 1 and 2, as these corps lost no ground
which they gained on ,lune ;>.
Page 118. WeUlon Railroad, August 18-21, 18(U. Add the following as note 4 :
" On the Union 8i<le three divisions of tlie 9th Corps were despatched to the aid
ERRA TA
of the 5th. Of these the lat and 3d were engaged, but the 2d (Potter's), arriv-
ing on the right of the 1st late in the day, took no part, and therefore it i3 not
included in the Union force of 20,2S9. (87 W. R. 76, 427, 430, 543, 552.) On
the Confederate side the records do not mention the presence of four of the eight
brigades of Wilcox's and Heth's divisions of Hill's Corps ; bat as four bri-
gades from Hoke's and Johnson's divisions of Beauregard's command, of about
the same strength, joined Hill in the battle (87 W. R. 851, 936, 940 ; 88 W. R.
360, 851, 936, 939, 940, 1186, 1187, 1192, 1217, 1224, 1227, 1272), 14,787 is not
excessive for the number of Confederates in the battle.
Page 123. Atlanta, July 22, 1864. For '' 16,.537 " present for duty July 10
in Hardee's Corps, read " 16,567," and for " 40,438," read " 40,468."
In note 5, last line but one, for " 3219 " read "5137," and add at the close :
" About 560 should be added to this number to compensate for the addition of
two thirds of the artillery reserve to these corps between July 10 and July 31
(74 W. R. 680, note**) ; but the total of 5697 thus reached and the 80OO above
adopted as an estimate of the loss are irreconcilable."
Page 131. Boydton Plank Road. In note d, for " 89 W. R. 1156," read " 87
■W.K. 160."
Page 135. Appomattox Campaign. Under " Union Army," for " 78,061 " read
" 81,601 ; " for " 27,762 " read " 27,790 ; " and for " 105,823 " read " 107,391 " ;
and change succeeding figures accordingly.
In note 5 strike out " headquarters, Post of City Pt."'
In note 6 for '' general headquarters '" substitute " signal corps,'' and for
" 7069 " read " 6319."
Page 136. Under " Confederate Army," for " December 31 " read " Novem-
ber 30," and for " March 24 " read " March 25."
In note b strike out '• 172,301," and next after " 95 W. R. " insert " 803,810."
In note 1 add " Dec. 19, 1864, 91 W. R. 941."
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
In this edition the statements of numbers engaged at
Cedar Creek and Petersburg, April 2, and in the Appo-
mattox campaign have been changed or qualified by cor-
rections for which the author is indebted to the kindness
of several correspondents (pages 127, 136, and 139, and
note 1, page 130). Colonel Pox, to whose Regimental
Losses the present writer is much indebted, has, since
the issue of the first edition of this book, pubUshed a
very complete and admirable account of the battle of
Gettysburg (New York at Gettysburg, vol. 1, pages 1-
188). The present edition is corrected to conform to
Colonel Fox's careful list of organizations whose num-
bers are to be added to, or subtracted from, the number
given in the returns of the armies in that battle. Basing
his calculation upon the reports of the commanders of
a laro-e number of regiments. Colonel Fox estimates the
number of the Union army actually carried into action
at Gettysburg at 85,674 (852 in 1000 of the present
for duty), as compared with 88,289 effectives computed
in this book, and the number of the Confederate army
at 71,675, as compared with 75,000 which is here
adopted. In comparing these numbers it is to be
borne in mind that the bases of the computations differ.
Colonel Fox includes all the organizations on the field,
and deducts all men who did not remain in the ranks.
III
iv PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
whether from straggling or other cause, while the pre-
sent writer, for the purposes set out on pages 64-70,
has endeavored to exclude all organizations not actually
in the presence of the enemy, and to estunate the ef-
fectives who ought to be in line at a fixed per cent, of
the number present for duty on both sides.
lu deference to the criticism that the meaning of the
phrase " hit by 1000 " in the tables (pages 77 - 141) is
not obvious, the author ventures the following explana-
tion. The figures under this heading are given for the
comparison of the loss inflicted by an anny with the loss
it suffered. Such a comparison measures in some degree
the courage and efficiency of an army. For example,
the first table (page 77) shows that the Union army of
28,452 men at Bull Run, in losing 1492 killed and
wounded, and hitting 1969 of the enemy, lost 52 and
inflicted a loss of 70 on the average for each thousand
of its force. This is evidence that, although the Union
army was ultimately routed, it was not without courage
or efficiency.
Taken alone, the loss suffered by a routed army is not
a measure of courage. The force which had not the
courage to stand long enough to inflict loss on the
enemy probably would deserve no credit for suffering
loss, however great.
Examples of good execution on the enemy by an
army which was finally routed are found on both sides
in the list of routs, page 76.
Another use of the comparison of the loss suffered
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION v
•with the loss inflicted in some battles is to measure the
skill of commanders. The general whose army stands
fast under heavy loss without inflicting commensurate
loss on its opponents is thereby put to the vindication
of his own conduct.
T. L. L.
Boston, December 1, 1900.
PREFACE
This volume has grown from an essay which was
read before the Military Historical Society of Massa-
chusetts, February 23, 1897. Later research and study
have led to changing many of the figures given in that
essay. This is notably true of the numbers given for
the strength of the armies engaged in the different
battles. In the essay the number of those " present for
duty " was used, but here, for reasons given in their
place, the number of " effectives " is taken. This will
explain, and excuse the author for, discrepancies be-
tween citations made by others from the former essay
and the figures here given.
The articles " Military Training," in the Journal of
the Military Service Institution of July, 1893, and
" General Thomas in the Record," in volume x. of the
Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, were writ-
ten before the studies for this volume were begun ; and
while, for the comparisons made in those articles, their
figures do not need much if any amendment, they
must give place to those given in this volume as an
exact statement of numbers and losses.
The author cannot hope that he has found everything
in the 129 volumes of War Records that should be
considered in a work like this, and it is hardly probable
that he has entirely avoided errors in transcribing so
many figures and making so many calculations, but he
viii PREFACE
trusts that the citation of volume and pag« for every
number given will result in the correction of any that
exist by those who use this work.
The author earnestly hopes for criticism and amend-
ment of what he has written, wherever they seem to be
due, and especially by the survivors of those who were
actors, on both sides, in the great events upon which
this work touches.
T. L. L.
Boston, June 1, 1900.
ABBREVIATIONS.
W. R. — War Records. The Tolomes are cited by the " serial " nnmbera
which from volume xxri. are printed on the backs. It will facilitate reference
for the reader to number prior volumes in the same manner.
M. and D. — Messages and Documents of the War Department, ISfiiVGC.
Reg. Losses. — Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, by William F.
Fox.
Va. Camp. — The Virginia Campaigns of 1864 and 1865, by Andrew A.
Humphreys.
M. II. M. — Military Historical Society of Massachusetts.
Van Home. — History of the Army of the Cumberland, by Thomas B.
Van Home.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES
CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA
TOTAL NtTMBER IN THE UNION ARMY.
The enlistments in the Union_army during the War
of the RebeUion numbered j,898,304/ This number
includes about 230,000 militia and " emergency men,"
who served for short terms, and some part of whom
were not mustered into the United States service.
The term of service (expiring by the terms of en-
listment or by the close of the war), under 1,580,000
of these enhstments, was from two weeks to fourteen
months.
The number of individuals under arms was con-
siderably less than the number of enlistments, because
of repeated enlistment by individuals. It is probable
that many of the 200,000 men who served for short
terms in 1861 and 1862 enlisted again. Over 200,000
men reenlisted in the veteran regiments, the Veteran
Reserve Corps and Hancock's Veteran Corps.^
TOTAL NUMBER IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY.
I It is most disappointing that the mass of records
which have been published by the War Department
' See post, p. 50. ' M. and D., Part III. 58-93.
2 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
contains no summary of the number who were under
arms on the Confederate side. General Cooper, the
adjutant-general of the Confederate army, stated soon
after the war that no such summary existed. The
officials of the War Records Office, because of the in-
complete and fragmentary character of the data in their
possession, have never attempted to fix the nmiiber.
As far as the writer has been able to learn, neither of
the Confederate States kept a record of the number
of men furnished to the Confederate service, and the
statistics which can be obtained from the state author-
ities are far from complete. I
ESTIMATES OF CONFEDERATE W^KITERS.
The total number of men in the Confederate armies
has been estimated at 600,000 to 700,000 by General
Marcus J. Wright,'^ and at about 600,000 by General
Early ,^ Alexander H. Stephens,* and Dr. Joseph Jones,*^
surgeon-general of the United Confederate Veterans ;
but, excepting the last-named, neither of these writers
gives the source of his figures, and, as will appear
below, the largest of these estimates is too low. It is
a part of human nature which persuades the losers in
war to believe that the result must have come from a
great disparity in numbers. The sustained conflict and
terrible loss of four years of war placed the reputation
* So. Hist. Society Papers, vii. 290.
' So. Hist. Society Papers, xix. 254.
* So. Hist. Society Papers, ii. 20.
* The War between the States, ii. 630.
° So. Hist. Society Papers, vii. 289. Pamphlet entitled United
Confederate Veterans, published at New Orleans, 1892, in files of
M. H. M., p. 6.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 3
of Southern valor so high that exaggerated statements
of numbers cannot further exalt it in the estimation of
the world. To prove that the estimated ratio of four to
one between the two armies is not founded in fact does
not diminish that reputation. The result of the war
depended much upon the superiority of the North in
material resources. This outweighed many men. On
the other hand, it would not disparage Northern cour-
age to establish a large disproportion in numbers, in
view of the defensive attitude of the South, and the
necessity of invading and occupying a constantly en-
larging territory which was forced upon the Northern
army. This required many more men than mere bat-
tles upon equal terms would have required.
Dr. Jones, in arriving at the estimate above mentioned,
takes the following statistics of casualties in the Con-
federate army, furnished by General Cooper : —
KiUed in battle, 1861-65 53,973
Wounded, 1861-65 194,026
Captured, 1861-65 202,283
and the following from the returns of the Confederate
field and general hospitals for 1861-62 : —
Killed 19,897
Deaths in field hospitals from wounds . . . 1,623
Deaths in general hospitals from wounds . . 2,618
Deaths in field hospitals from disease . . . 14,597
Deaths in general hospitals from disease . . 16,741
35,579
55,476
Total wounded 72,713
Prisoners 51,072
Discharged 16,940
4 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
He assumes that the mortality from wounds and
disease in 18G3-G-i equaled that in 18(31-02, that
100,000 deserted or were discharged, and that 20,000
died in Northern prisons, and states that " at the close
of the war, the available active force in the field num-
bered scarcely 100,000 men;" and from all these figures
he calculates the number serving in the Confederate
army during the war at 600,000, as follows : —
Grand total deaths from battle, wounds, and disease 200,000
Losses of Confederate army in prisoners during the
war, on account of the policy of non-exchange
adopted and enforced by the United States . . 200,000
Losses of the Confederate army from discharges and
desertions during the years 1861-65 100.000
Available active force in the field at close of war . 100,000
600,000
This estimate does not conform to the statistics cited
by Dr. Jones. The mortality from wounds and disease
in 1861-62, as shown by the citation from the hospital
returns, was 35,579, and assuming, as Dr. Jones does,
that the mortality from the same cause was the same in
1863-6-1: as in 1861-62, we arrive at a total of 71,158 ;
and adding the 53,973 killed in battle given by Gen-
eral Cooper, the total deaths would appear to be 125,131,
instead of 200,000, as stated by Dr. Jones. Against
the 100,000 desertions and discharges estimated by him,
the hospital returns as cited give only 16,940 discharges
and no desertions. On the other hand, to Dr. Jones's
estimate of 100,000 in the field at the close of the war
it woiUd be necessary to add those borne on the rolls
as absent from the field to arrive at the total number
in the army at the close of the war.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 5
ESTIMATE BASED ON CONFEDERATE MUSTER-ROLLS
IN UNITED STATES WAR DEPARTMENT.
There is exact and indisputable evidence upon which
the numbers, as estimated by Dr. Jones and the other
writers above mentioned, must be greatly enlarged. In
the United States War Department there are Con-
federate muster-rolls * which record the casualties of a
considerable portion of the Confederate regiments for
periods which average about two years. A tabulation
of the losses there recorded shows —
Killed in action 52,954
Died of wounds 21,570
Died of dis'ease 59,297
Deserted 104,428
Discharged 57,762
Total 296,011
From whicli perhaps there should be deducted ) ^^ ^_„
for deserters, who were returned to the ranks ° )
Leaving 274,955
Colonel Fox, in his " Regimental Losses," says : " A
summing-up of the casualties at each battle and minor
engagement, using official reports only, and in their
absence accepting Confederate estimates, indicates that
94,000 men were killed or mortally wounded during
the war." And referring to the tabulation from the
Confederate muster-rolls above referred to, he says :
" If the Confederate rolls could have been completed
and then revised, — as has been done with the rolls of
the Union regiments, — the number of killed as shown
above (74,524) would be largely increased. As it is,
» M. and D., Part III. 141.
» M. and D., Part III. 139.
6 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
the extent of such increase must remain a matter of
conjecture." And he adds that the number of killed in
the Union army, obtained by a similar tabulation of its
muster-rolls, was afterwards increased 15,000 by " final
statements " and affidavits filed at the Pension Bureau.
In this revision all who died of wounds were included,
whereas, in the reports of battles, only those who died
on the field were usually reported among the killed
and mortally wounded, and the large numbers of
wounded who afterwards died of their wounds in the
hospitals were reported as wounded. Many reported
at the close of the action as missing were in fact killed
in action.^
In view of the absence of Confederate reports of
actions where large losses must have occurred, notably
in 18G4 and 1865, any summing-up of the casualties
from the reports must necessarily be incomplete, and
the number (94,000) arrived at by Colonel Fox can be
accepted only as a minimum.
There is one measure which indicates that this num-
ber must be too small. Mr. Kirkley, the statistician of
the War Department, states that in the Union army,
excluding the missing in action, 67,058 were killed,
and 43,012 died of wounds.^ The same ratio would
give 33,952 as the number who died of wounds, to
the 52,934 returned on the Confederate muster-rolls as
killed in action. The total of 86,886 killed and died
of wounds, thus reached, must be much below the full
number, in view of the fact that the returns cover an
> Reg. Losses, 22, 47, 554.
' Reg. Losses, 24. The earlier statement of the War Department
(M. and D., Part III. 72-80) is superseded by this statement.
NUMBERS AXD LOSSES AV THE CIVIL WAR 7
averasre of only about two years, and include only 20
reffiments of the 61 resriments and 3S battalions from
Alabama.*
The Confederate muster-roUs show that Dr. Jones's
estimate of desertions and discharges is too small by
40.873 at least ; and his estimate of 100,000 as the
ayailable force in the field at the close of the war is
proved to be too small by the record of 174,223 - who
then surrendered. A further addition of about 270,000
must be made for those on the rolls who did not then
surrender.^ Dr. Jones's estimate of 200,000 as the loss
in prisoners is too large. Only 63,442 remained in
prison at the end of the war ; * 1955 had enlisted in the
United States service,* and probably not over 40,000
died in prison.^
Corrected as above suggested, Dr. Jones's estimate
would stand as follows : —
Killed in action • 94,000
Died of disease 59.297 —
Loss in prisoners, aboat 105,000
Loss by desertion 83,372
Loss by discharge * 57,762
On rolls January 1, 1865 (less 63,442 prisoners) ' . 381,761
781,192
As this total of 781,192 includes, for discharges
and desertions, only those recorded in the incomplete
muster-rolls above referred to, it cannot be accepted as
adequate. It is also to be remarked that 59,297 is,
> Post, p. 29, » M. and D., Part L 45.
• Post, p. 46. * M. and D., Part I. 45.
' Reg. Losses, 50 and note. ° Ante, p. 5.
' Post, p, 46.
8 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
in all probability, too small a number for the deaths by
disease. There were 249,458 deaths ' from disease and
accident in the Union army, or 152 to a thousand men
serving three years, computed below." The same ratio
would have resiJted in 104,000 deaths from the same
causes, at 152 to a thousand men serving three years
iu the Confederate armies, as estimated below.^ It is
reasonable to assume that the ratio of deaths from dis-
ease and accident was at least as great in the Confed-
erate as in the Union army.
The above estimate of the numbers in the Confed-
erate army, thus increased to 885,000, would still want
the desertions and discharges not recorded, and many
men in the militia and irregular or tehiporary organi-
zations which had served for varying terms, but which
were not borne on muster-rolls above mentioned or
the returns of the armies at the close of the war.
Dr. Jones makes the following surprising statement : *
" During the period of nineteen months, January, 1862,
July, 1863, inclusive, over one million cases of wounds
and disease were entered upon the Confederate field
reports, and over four hundred thousand cases of
wounds upon the hospital reports. The number of
cases of wounds and disease treated in the Confederate
field and general hospitals were, however, greater dur-
ing the following twenty-two months ending April,
1865. It is safe to affirm, therefore, that more than
three million cases of wounds and disease were cared
for by the ofticers of the Medical Corps of the Con-
» Reg. Losses. 527. ^ P.age 50. • Page 61.
* United Confederate Veterans, 5, 6 ; So. Hist. Society Papers,
XX. 114.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 9
federate army during the Civil War of 1861-18G5.
The figures, of course, do not indicate that the Con-
federacy had in the field an army approaching three
millions and a half. On the contrary, the Confederate
forces engaged during the war 1861-1865 did not ex-
ceed 600,000. Each Confederate soldier was, on an
average, disabled for greater or less periods by wounds
and sickness about six times during the war."
In the Union army, 318,187 were wounded (of these
43,012 died of wounds), and 67,058 were killed on the
field.' The same ratio applied to 800,000, the least
number which is deduced from Dr. Jones's statement
for the wounded during the war, would give 168,000 as
the number who died on the field, and 108,000 who died
of wounds, — a total of 276,000. This is too large
a number to be adopted without a critical examination
of the Confederate hospital returns referred to. The
writer has tried without success to learn where they
might be found.
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE QUESTION
OF NUMBERS.
The method used above is not the only one which
may be employed to arrive at the numbers in the Con-
federate army. The census of 1860 affords a very
reliable basis for an estimate, when taken in connection
with the acts of the Confederate Congress for enroll-
ing the military population of the Confederate States,
and the records of the measures taken for the enforce-
ment of these acts. Statistics of numbers, more or
less complete, have been gathered and published by a
* Reg. Losses, 47.
10 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
number of the Southern States, which are of value.
Lists of the organizations in the Confederate service
have been prepared by several compilers, to which the
statistics of the strength of organizations contained in
the War Records may be applied, and the returns of the
armies in the field contained in the War Records afford
the best evidence of the number of men in service
from time to time. It is the purpose of this essay to
present the conclusions drawn from all these sources.
Sometimes the strength of bodies of troops whose num-
bers are not stated separately in the War Records is
estimated. It is believed that the basis for such esti-
mates has always been broad enough, and the methods
of estimating conservative enough, to exclude serious
error ; but such errors as may have resulted probably
can be corrected by consiUting the original returns in
the War Records Office.
ESTIMATE BASED ON THE CENSUS OF 1860.
Substantially the whole military population of the
Confederate States was placed under arms in the War
of the Rebellion.
For about a year after the outbreak of hostihties,
volunteeringf was relied on to fill the Confederate ranks.
The earlier regiments were enlisted for twelve months,
but the men in these regiments generally reenlisted
under an act of the Confederate Congress of Decem-
ber 11, 1861; and before the terms of these earlier
regiments had expired, the act of April 16, 1862,
authorized the President to call and place in service for
three years all white men resident in the Confederate
States between the ages of eighteen and thii-ty-five
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 11
■who were not legally exempt from military service, and
also required all such persons who were then in the
service to remain in service for three years, but it per-
mitted those exempt from military service to serve as
substitutes for those not exempt. President Davis, April
28, 1862, promulgated regulations for placing in the
service all men to whom this act apphed,' and April 30
the secretary of war announced in general orders that
all such men were to be "enrolled for mihtary ser-
vice." ■^ This law and the proceedings under it placed
every man in the Confederacy who came within the
definition of the law at once in the service, unlike the
draft laws of the United States which placed no one
in service until selected by draft.
After the approval of this act of April 16, 1862, no
law was passed for raising troops by volunteering from
those liable to military service. An act approved Sep-
tember 27, 1862, enlarged the conscription to include
all white males, not exempt, between eighteen and forty-
five years of age.'
The Confederate authorities were very soon under
pressure to thoroughly enforce the conscription laws.
February 11, 1863, General Lee wrote to the secretary
of war : " By the returns of last mouth forwarded
to the department to-day, you will perceive that our
strength is not much increased by the arrival of con-
scripts : only four hundred and twenty-one are reported
to have joined by enhstment, and two hundred and
eighty-seven have returned from desertion, making an
aggregate of seven hundred and sixty-eight ; whereas
our loss by death, discharges, and desertion amounts to
1 127 W. R., 1094. ' 127 W. R., 1104.
» M. and D., Part lU. 121 ; 128 W. R., 160.
12 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
eighteen hundred and seventy-eight. Now is the time
to gather all our strength, and prepare for the struggle
which must take place in the next three months. 1 beg
you to use every means in your power to fiU up oiu:
ranks." '
Again, November 29, 1863, General Lee wrote to
President Davis : " I think it a matter of the first im-
portance that our armies now in the field shall be
retained in service, and recruited by wise and effective
legislation. This cannot be done too soon. The law
should not be open to the charge of partiality, and I
do not know how this can be accomplished without em-
bracing the whole population capable of bearing arms,
with the most limited exceptions, avoiding anything
that would look like a distinction of classes." ^ And
again, January 25, 1804, he wrote* to the secretary
of war, protesting against raising further companies
of artillery and cavalry and organizations promising
service near home which might allure men from the
infantry, and said : " Already such organizations have
in a good degree absorbed those men upon whom we
relied to swell our reduced ranks for the coming cam-
paign, and the consequences, in my judgment, involve
the question of our ability to keep the field against
the largely recruited armies of the enemy. Unless
every man who belongs to the army be retained, and
all fit for effective service be sent to it promptly so as
to increase materially its present strength, we must rely
for deliverance from our enemies upon other means
than our arms. I trust that the truth of this assertion
may be realized in time."
> M. and D., Part IH. 121 ; 108 W. R.. 680.
M9W. R.,853. > CO W. R., 1120.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 13
In response to such demands as these, the Confederate
Concrress went to extremes in the following acts : —
a'h act of December 28, 1863,' prohibited conscripts
from sending substitutes. An Act of January 5, 1864,^
canceled the exemptions previously granted to persons
liable to duty who had furnished substitutes. An act
of February 17, 1864,=' repealed all previous grants of
exemption on whatever ground, and estabhshed a new
and narrower list of exemptions, but gave the power
to the Secretary of War under the President to exempt
or detail such other persons as he might be satisfied
ought to be exempted on account of public necessity.
This act also declared " that, from and after the pas-
sage of this act, all white men residents of the Confed-
erate States, between the ages of seventeen and fifty,
shall be in the miUtary service of the Confederate States
for the war." Under this act all within its scope were
made a part of the army without the necessity of any
proclamation, notice, enrolhnent or other action by the
authorities. It remained only for the military authori-
ties to sweep the body of recruits thus created into the
ranks. The thoroughness with which they performed
this duty is indicated by the correspondence which is
set out below.
April 30, 1864, the superintendent of the Confeder-
ate Bureau of Conscription, in reporting the work of
his bureau from January 1, 1864, said : ' " This report
» M. and D., 1865-66, Part HI. 122 ; 129 W. R., 11, 12.
« M. and D., 1865-66, Part III. 121 ; 129 W. R., 178.
" M. and D., 1865-66, Part IH. 122 ; 129 W. R., 354.
14 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
indicates but a very meagre portion of tlie work which
has been performed. The results are the scanty glean-
insrs from an almost unhmited and nearly exhausted
field of labor, every inch of which has to be searched,
analyzed, and classified, in every relation to the great
problem of recruiting and maintaining the armies. No
attribute which pertains to society or civil economy
but has been subjected to the scrutiny and action of
this bureau and its agencies. With the incompetent
means under its control, all has been done which could
be effected by zeal and dihgence. The results indicate
this grave consideration for the government that fresh
material for the armies can no longer be estimated as
an element of future calculation for their increase, and
that necessity demands the invention of de\'ices for
keeping in the ranks the men now borne on the rolls.
The stern revocation of all details, an appeal to the
patriotism of the States claiming large numbers of able-
bodied men, and the accretions by age, are now almost
the only unexhausted sources of supply. For conscrip-
tion from the general population, the functions of this
bureau may cease with the termination of the year 1864.
. . . The functions of conscription are now narrowed
down to a system of delicate gleaning from the popu-
lation of the country, involving the most laborious,
patient, cautious, and intelhgent investigation into the
relations of every man to the public defense. There
are but few left whose appropriate duties in these rela-
tions have not been defined, and it thence becomes the
province of the conscription agents to weigh and de-
termine whether those relations may not be disturbed
for the purpose of sending more men into the field and
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 15
distributing them for the general service." Further
along he speaks of certain selected officers " who were
the practiced and trained soldiers and judges on whom
I relied to sustain me in my hard duty of wringing
from the wasted population the scanty remnant of men,
and at the same time to preserve, as far as our military
need would permit, the enfeebled productive energies
of the country."
August 23, 1864, General Lee wrote to the Secre-
tary of War : " Unless some measures can be devised to
replace our losses, the consequences may be disastrous.
I think that there must be more men in the country
liable to military duty than the small numbers of recriuts
received would seem to indicate. . . . Our numbers are
daily decreasing, and the time has arrived, in my opin-
ion, when no man should be excused from service ex-
cept for the purpose of doing work absolutely necessary
for the support of the army. If we had here a few
thousand men more to hold the stronger parts of our
lines where an attack is least likely to be made, it would
enable us to employ with good effect our veteran troops.
Without some increase of strength, I cannot see how
we are to escape the natural military consequences of
the enemy's numerical superiority." *
September 2, 1864, he wrote to the President : ^ "I
beg leave to call your attention to the importance of
immediate and vigorous measures to increase the strength
of our armies, and to some suggestions as to the mode
of doing it. The necessity is now great, and will soon
be augmented by the results of the coming draft in
the United States. As matters now stand, we have no
> 88 W. R., 1199. » 88 W. R., 1228.
16 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
troops disposable to meet movements of the enemy or
strike when opportunity presents, without taking them
from the trenches and exposing some important point.
The enemy's position enables him to move his troops to
the right or left without our knowledge, until he has
reached the point at which he aims, and we are then
compelled to hurry our men to meet him, incurring the
risk of being too late to check his progress, and the
additional risk of the advantage he may derive from
their absence. This was fully illustrated in the late
demonstration north of James River, which called troops
from our lines here, who, if present, might have pre-
vented the occupation of the Weldou Railroad. These
rapid and distant movements also fatigue and exhaust
our men, greatly impairing their efficiency in battle.
It is not necessary, however, to enumerate all the rea-
sons for recruiting our ranks. The necessity is as well
known to your Excellency as to myself, and as much the
object of your solicitude. The means of obtaining men
for field duty, as far as I can see, are only three."
These means he specifies as follows : 1st. Replacing all
able-bodied white men employed as cooks, mechanics,
and laborers with negroes, and sending them to the
ranks. 2d. A rigid inspection of the rolls of exempted
and detailed men, and placing all in the army who
would not be entitled to discharge from the army.
3d. Calling out the entire reserve force (i. e. those
below and above military age), who, he says, " can ren-
der great service in connection with regular troops by
taking their places in trenches, forts, etc., and leav-
ing them free for active operations ; " and he adds : " In
my opinion the necessity for them will never be more
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 17
urgent or their services of greater value than now ; and
I entertain the same views as to the importance of
immediately bringing into the regular service every man
liable to military duty."
September 26 he wrote* to General Bragg, then
the commander of the Confederate armies : " I cannot
impress upon you too strongly the imperious necessity
of getting all our men subject to military duty to the
field. We should have them with the armies now. . . .
I get no additions. The men coming in do not supply
the vacancies caused by sickness, desertions, and other
casualties. If things thus continue, the most serious
consequences must result. ... If I had negroes to
replace the teamsters, cooks, and hospital attendants,
I coidd increase each division many hundred men.
Unless they are sent to me rapidly, it may be too late."
October 4, 1864, he wrote to the Secretary of War,'*
again urging the employment of negroes, and as fol-
lows : " The men at home on various pretexts must be
brought out aud be put in the army at once, unless we
would see the enemy reap the great moral and material
advantages of a successful issue of his most costly cam-
paign. I know it will produce suffering, but that must
be endured, as all people engaged in a struggle like
ours have done before. If we can get out our entire
arms-bearing population in Virginia and North Caro-
lina, and relieve all detailed men with negroes, we may
be able, with the blessing of God, to keep the enemy in
check to the beffinnina: of winter."
October 5 the Secretary of War, in reply ,^ advised
> 88 W. R., 1292. " 89 W. R., 1134.
» 89 W. R., 1135.
18 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
hiin that orders had been issued to carry out his re-
quests, including the employment of all free negroes
between eighteen and fifty and some 14:,000 slaves.
October 10 General Lee also wrote ' that he thought
that a reexamination of all the men exempted because
of physical disability would secure some recruits, and
he added : " From all the information I get, Grant's
army is being heavily reinforced, and additions are
being made daily. He expects to accumulate a force
by which he can extend beyond our right and left,
when I fear it will be impossible to keep him out of
Richmond."
In February, 18G5, the superintendent of the Bureau
of Conscriptions reported to the Secretary of War in
detail by classes the number of persons exempt from
conscription by physical disability or by law, or detailed
in each State east of the Mississippi, the total of which
(including ■4612 detailed in government bureaus and
departments) was 87,863,^ The minuteness of this
report makes it impossible to believe that any consider-
able number who were not exempt from military ser-
vice escaped the search of the Bureau of Conscription,
and, taken in connection with the urgency shown in the
legislation and correspondence above set out, it war-
rants the assertion that, in that part of the Confederacy
east of the Mississippi, substantially every male white
from seventeen to fifty was swept into the ranks of the
Confederate army, excepting the 87,863 exempts, and
those who were in hiding or had joined the Union
army. The proclamation of the governor of North
Carolina, December 20, 1864:, calling out all men who
' 89 W. R., 1144. "■ M. and D., Fart Ul. VoO-loS ; 129 AV. R., 1099.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 19
were able to stand behind breastworks and fire a
musket/ is confirmatory of this. Those joining the
Union army were, with unimportant exceptions, all
from Tennessee. There were thirty regiments, num-
bering 31,092, from this State.^ These were offset by
thirty regiments, nine battalions, and eleven batteries
from the border States, regularly enrolled in the Con-
federate army,* besides the miUtia and temporary organ-
izations.*
In the States west of the Mississippi the general in
command of the department called for volunteers not
subject to conscription, for local defense and special
service, in September, 1863,^ and issued orders, May 27,
1864,'^ for enrolling all persons liable to military duty,
and for the assignment of conscripts to the different
organizations. Colonel Stone's list, hereafter referred
to,' attributes 46 regiments, 21 battalions, and 22 com-
panies (equal to 58 regiments) to Arkansas, and 71
regiments, 12 battalions, and 53 companies (equal to
83 regiments) to Texas.^ The United States census
for 1860 gives Arkansas 65,231 and Texas 92,145
male whites between 18 and 45 years of age, a total
of 157,376, which is increased to 180,000 by the addi-
» 89 W. R., 1284. ' Reg. Losses, 523.
' Reg. Losses, 5.53.
* Colonel Stone's list, referred to hereafter (p. 29), attributes 37
regiments to Missouri and 20 to Kentucky. The writer's list (post,
p. 55) includes 45 for Missouri and 42 for Kentucky, counting 2
battalions as a regiment.
« 33 W. R., 996. • 64 W. R., 632.
' Page 29.
' The writer's list (post, p. 55) gives 50 regiments and 25 bat-
talions to Arkansas, and 64 regiments and 11 battalions to Texas.
20 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
tions and deductions named below.' This is about
1280 to the regiment, or 50 less than the minimum
that can be accepted as the average strength of the
Confederate regiments." These figures leave no reason
to doubt that conscription west of the Mississippi was
effective in persuading or forcing the whole military
population into the service, whether in regular or ir-
regular organizations. A piece of evidence strongly
tending to prove that the Confederacy drew the last
available white man who could be found into the army
is afforded in the measures which were taken to put
negroes, both slaves and free, into service. March 13,
1805, an act of the Confederate Congress authorizing
this ^ was approved by the President ; and March 15
orders were issued for raising companies of negro sol-
diers,* and active measures for a general recruitment
of negroes were carried on down to April, 1865, the
day before Five Forks.°
We are now led to the question, how many male
whites were there in the Confederacy subject to the
conscript laws, and we turn to the United States cen-
sus for 1860.
MILITAKY POPULATION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES
BY THE CENSUS OF 1860.
The acts of the Confederate Congress of April 16
and September 16, 1862, were interpreted to include
youths of 18 and men of 45, and the act of February
17, 1864, likewise was interpreted to include the ex-
> Page 22. » See post, p. 39.
« 96 W. R., 1318. * 96 W. R., 1318.
» 97 W. R., 1348, 1356, 1370.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 21
tremes of 17 and 50.* The two first-named acts,
therefore, included all shown by the United States
census of 1860 (Part XVIII.) from 18 to 45 inclusive,
as follows : —
Alabama ^^jf^
Arkansas ... ^ '"
Florida 15,739
Georgia lll'"05
Louisiana f '^^^
Mississippi 70,29o
North Carolina 115,309
South Carolina 55,04&
Tennessee 159,353
Texas 92.145
Virginia (ex. West Virginia) 116M9
984,475
All who were from 13 to 16 inclusive, in 1860, be-
came by 1864 Uable to conscription under these acts.
Their number may be computed as equal to -^^ of the
number shown by the census of 1860 to be from 10 to
19 inclusive, or, in round numbers, at 265,00*0. Be-
sides those who were from 18 to 45, all who were 46
in 1860 became subject to conscription in 1864. The
number who were 46 may be computed as equal
to tV of the number shown by the census to be from
40 to 49 inclusive, or, in round numbers, at 20,000.
We thus arrive at 1,269,000, in round numbers, as
the total number living in 1861 who came within the
terms of the conscription acts. As will be shown later,
350,000 were in the army in January, 1862. From
the remaining 919,000 a deduction is to be made for the
natural death rate of one per cent, per annum, which,
1 M. and D., Part III. 130-138; 127 W. R., 1095, 1105; 129
W. R., 1102, 1109.
22 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
upon the assumption that the average delay in brings
ing the conscripts into the ranks was eighteen months,
should be 2] per cent, from the end of 1860, equal to
23,000 in round numbers. The exempts for all causes
and of details east of the Mississippi were 87,863.'
The number west of the Mississippi may be computed,
in the same proportion to the military population, at
17,000. The cotal of these deductions is 127,863.
The remainder out of 1,269,000 is, in round numbers,
1,141,000 men. Besides this number were those com-
posing the Senior and Junior Reserves, the militia, and
other organizations not a part of the regularly enrolled
force, composed mainly of persons over or under the
conscript age and of exempts. The number included
in these organizations cannot be ascertained with cer-
tainty. The male whites from 10 to 12 years and from
47 to 56 years, in 1860, may be estimated from the cen-
sus at 300,000. This number, reduced by 4 per cent,
for natural deaths, added to the exempts and details
stated above at 110,863 would give about 400,000 as
the maximum number which could be drawn into these
irregidar organizations. In view of this maximum, and
of the physical disabilities attendant upon the extreme
ages included in this number, the estimate of 98,000
as the number embraced in the irregular organiza-
tions contained below * is possibly not far from correct.
This number added to 1,141,000, the number above
estimated as regularly enrolled, would give 1,239,000
as the total number who took up arms. Those who
escaped service in North Carolina and Tennessee ' may
> M. and D., Part m. 130 et seq. ' Page 36.
' Post, pp. 23, 24.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 23
be ofEset against those who joined the Confederate army
from the border States.^
ESTIIIATES OF CON'FEDERATE STATE OFFICIALS COM-
PABED WITH THE ABOVE ESTIMATE FEOM THE CENSUS.
The above estimate of 1,141,000 as the number within
the military age — from 17 to 50 — is 116 per cent, of
the 984,175 given by the census of 1860 as between
18 and 45. Statistics and estimates given out during
and since the war by officials of several States, when
compared in the same way with the census of these
States for 1860, tend to confirm the above conclusion
that substantially the entire military population of the
Confederate States not exempted by law were enrolled
in the army.
The roster of North Carolina troops, made up since
the war, gives the names of 104,498 men, and the author
estimates that missing names would bring the number
up to 120,000. The Junior Reserves,* numbering 4077,
are included in the roster. 116 per cent, of 115,369
between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by the cen-
sus, is 133,828. This would leave 18,000 not in ser-
vice. In this number were embraced those unable to
bear arms and those who eluded military service. In
this State and in Tennessee there were a good many
of this latter class who took refuge in the mountains
or wilderness, and thereby escaped the officers of the
Bureau of Conscription.
The basis for a comparison of the number shown by
the census of 1860 with the number under arms for
» Ante, p. 19.
* Here and in subsequent mention this title includes two regi-
ments of Senior Reserves.
24 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
the Confederacy is not as well established in the case
of Tennessee as in that of North Carolina. IIG per
cent, of the number of male whites in Tennessee from
18 to 451 is 184,850. Of these 31,092 joined the
Union army." There were in the Confederate army
the equivalent, all told, including irregular organ-
izations, of 111 regiments.^ The 93 regiments reg-
ularly enrolled ■* at 1330 to a regiment ^ would nimiber
123,690, and the other 18 regiments at 617 to a regi-
ment'^ would number 11,106, which, with the number
serving in the Union army, would give a total of
165,888, leaving about 19,000 not accounted for. It
is not probable that so many as this avoided se^^^ce,
but the proximity to the border doubtless enabled a
greater proportion to escape than the geographical situ-
ation allowed in North Carolina. If 1540 were adopted
as the average strength of the 93 regiments regularly
enrolled,' a total of 185,418 would be reached in place
of the above 165,888.
The Adjutant-General's office of South Carolina in
1890 estimated that about 60,000 entered the Con-
federate service from that State.* 116 per cent, of
55,046 between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by
the census, is 63,853.
In the journal of the House of Representatives of
Mississippi for 1865 it is stated that that State fur-
nished between 70,000 and 80,000 to the Confederate
* Ante, p. 21. ' Eeg. Losses, 554.
• Post, pp. 29, 55. * Reg. Losses, 553.
» Post, p. 39. • Post. p. 36.
' Post, p. 37. • United Confederate Veterans, 33.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CIVIL WAR 25
army.^ 116 per cent, of 70,295 between 18 and 45 in
that State, as shown by the census, is 81,542.
Governor Brown of Georgia, in 1865, wrote to the
Confederate Secretary of War that his State had fur-
nished the Confederate service over 100,000 men, be-
sides the Reserve Militia and State Line.^ (See 47 W.
R., 307-313, and 74 W. R., 970.) 116 per cent, of
111,005 between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by
the census, is 128,765.
The Adjutant-General of Florida, in 1891, estimated
the number of troops furnished by that State to the
Confederate States at about 15,000.^ 116 per cent, of
15,739 between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by
the census, is 18,257. The Adjutant-General's estimate
probably did not include recruits, for the War Recoras
have mention of 14 regiments regularly in the Con-
federate army, the original strength of which was
probably about 15,000.
The Secretary of State of Louisiana, in his report
for 1889,^ gives the total " original enrollment of
troops" mustered into the Provisional Confederate
States army as 55,820. The term " original enroll-
ment " probably excludes recruits. That it was so
intended may be inferred from the fact that, while the
State sent at least 38 regiments of infantry,* the Secre-
* Letter of Adjutant-General of Mississippi to Hon. H. D.
Money, January 25, 1895, in the files of M. H. M.
' Pamphlet entitled " Correspondence between the Secretary of
War and Governor Brown," growing out of a requisition made
upon the governor for the reserve militia of Georgia, etc. Macon,
Georgia. Brighton, Nesbit, Barnes & Moore, State Printers.
* United Confederate Veterans, 24.
* See Colonel Jones's roster, post, p. 27.
26 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
tary of State gives 36,243 as the " total original enroll-
meut of infantry." * It is probable also that the Sec-
retiiry of State does not include irregular organizations
and reserves, which were equivalent to IG regiments.^
116 per cent, of 83,156 between 18 and 45 in that
State, as shown by the census, is 96,808.
ESTIMATE OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCE FROM THE
NUMBER OF REGIMENTS, ETC.
The War Records do not contain any official roll of
all the regiments and lesser organizations in the Con-
federate army, but there are four lists, which have been
compiled from private research, which afford a basis for
computing the number of men in the army.
Colonel Charles C. Jones, formerly of the Confed-
erate army, has published a roster,^ in which are named
530 regiments, 15 legions, and 51 battalions of infan-
try ; 125 regiments, 2 legions, 53 battahons, and 1
company of cavalry ; and 13 regiments, 21 battaUons,
and 25 batteries of artillery, as shown by the following
table, which has been made from this roster. The
total is equivalent to 750 regiments, assuming a regi-
ment to be equal to a legion, to 2 battahons, and to 10
batteries.
' United Confederate Veterans, 28.
* Post, p. 29 ; Reg. Losses, 553.
* So. Hist Society Papers, i., ii., iii.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 27
TABLE MADE FROM COLONEL JONEs's ROSTER.
INFANTRY
CAVALRY
ARTILLERY
1
a
■s,
&
57
34
9
65
11
35
49
15
1
58
35
67
22
64
8
530
a
o
!
1
2
2
10
15
3
12
2
22
6
3
1
5
51
1
J
«
3
6
2
10
9
1
6
6
6
7
12
32
19
6
125
S
o
s
2
2
2
1
7
2
12
11
14
4
53
1
1
s
a
.1
&
1
1
4
3
4
13
m
a
o
a
6
4
11
21
J
Alabama . .
Arkansas . .
Florida . .
Georgia . ,
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi .
Missouri . .
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee .
Texas . . .
Virginia . .
Confederate
3
22
Total ....
25
This roster apparently is confined to organizations
regularly enrolled in the army of the Confederacy,
and does not include militia, home guards, organiza-
tions for local defense, or Senior Reserves or Junior
Reserves,^ which, altogether, constituted a considera-
ble part of the force under arms at one time and an-
other. The author says that this roster was derived
in part from papers in private hands, and it is not veri-
fied by reference to official records. That it is not
complete is shown by several authorities. Dr. Jones,
in articles above cited," gives a list of Confederate
organizations which adds to that of Colonel Jones, 5
* For instance, it omits 5 regiments and 1 battalion of Junior Re-
serves, vphich appear in Moore's roster of North Carolina troops.
" So. Hist. Society Papers, xx. 119. Pamphlet United Confed-
erate Veterans, 8.
28 A'L'ilBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
regiments, 20 battalions, and omits 1 legion and 25 bat-
teries.
Colonel Fox, in " Regimental Losses," p. 552, says
there is a " compilation made from the official rosters
of the Confederate armies as they stood at various
battles and at various dates covering the entire period
of the -war," which " shows that the different States
kept the following regimental organizations in almost
continuous service in the field." This list gives: —
REOD(EKT9
BATTALIONS
BATTERIES
InfanttT
Cavalry'
Partisan rangers ....
Heavy artillery ....
Artillery . . '
529
127
8
5
So
47
1
6
261
Total
669
139
261
These organizations, the author says, were, " in all,
equivalent to 764 regiments of 10 companies each ; "
and he adds that the hst does not include regiments
which served for a short time only, or disbanded or
consolidated regiments, militia. Junior Reserves, Sen-
ior Reserves, home guards, local defense regiments, or
separate companies.
In the preparation of this work the writer has noted
mention in the War Records * prior to November, 1863,
of 720 regiments and 206 battalions of infantry and
cavalry of the character of those contained in Colonel
Fox's list.- With the batteries in Colonel Fox's list
these make a total equal to 849 regiments.
' Nearly half the War Records referred to were pablished later
than Colonel Fox's work.
* See table, post, p. 55.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 29
The late Colonel Henry Stone ^ kindly placed at the
disposal of the writer a list which he had gathered of
all Confederate orgfanizations mentioned in the War
Records.
Ust: —
The following table was made from this
TABLE MADE FROM COLONEL STONE S LIST.
INFANTRY
CAVALRY
ARTILLERY
a
1
£3
S
■3
1
1
,
1
1
a
a
a,
s
g
a
%
■|
Q£
B
■s,
g
H
'&
H
55
^
n
18
0
4
6
>j
18
10
A
pq
2
0
Alabama . . .
17
Arkansas . . .
42
14
2
4
5
4
2
16
Florida . . .
9
1
16
2
3
6
1
15
Georgia . . .
67
3
14
9
7
21
Kentucky . . .
9
11
1
Louisiana . . .
38
22
3
13
8
5
3
19
Mississippi . .
53
21
25
1
4
1
9
Missouri . . .
30
7
North Carolina .
74
1
12
4
6
12
2
2
9
South Carolina .
5.3
3
14
8
7
7
13
3
3
25
Tennessee . . .
78
24
10
11
17
1
35
Texas ....
.35
1
4
14
3:j
8
15
2
24
Virginia . . .
99
1
19
5
16
40
26
4
12
58
Confederate or
Prov. Army .
5
642
9
163
62
137
1
143
101
16
25
Total . . .
227
The 805 regiments and legions, 331 battalions, 163
companies, and 227 batteries in the above table were
equal in all to 1009 ? regiments, which exceeds the
number (849) ascertained as stated above by 160 regi-
ments. Colonel Stone said that possibly some organiza-
tions were numbered more than once in his list by reason
of change of their title, or of consolidation ; yet these
instances cannot be many, and the larger number of
organizations in his list is probably due, with few excep-
* Member of Military Historical Society of Massachusetts.
30 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
tions, to the inclusion in it of the mihtia and other
irregular organizations, which are excluded from the
other two lists. For instance, there are included in
Colonel Stone's list 2 battalions Georgia State Guards,
(which were not all that were in service), 5 regiments
Mississippi militia, 9 regiments North Carolina militia,
and 5 regiments Junior Reserves, 5 regiments " State
Troops," and 6 regiments of militia from South Caro-
lina, and 33 regiments Virginia militia, besides 163
companies.
ORIGINAL STRENGTH OF CONFEDERATE REGIMENTS,
AND THE NUMBER OF RECRUITS.
The act of the Confederate Congress of March 6,
1861,' provided for 100,000 volunteers for twelve
months, and authorized the President to hmit the pri-
vates in a company, in his discretion, at from 64 to 100.
The officers, non-commissioned officers, and musicians
would increase each of these limits by 12 or 14. The
act of May 10, 1861,- authorized him to receive any com-
pany of light artillery with such complement of officers
and men as seemed proper to him. Another act of
March 6, 1S61,' provided for the creation of the small
regular army of the Confederate States. It prescribed
that each regiment should consist of 10 companies, and
that each company should number 104 in the infantry
and 72 in the cavalry. The act of May 8, 1861,' pro-
vided for volunteers for the war, and for their organi-
zation, as provided in the act of March 6. A circular
of the Confederate War Department, issued in Novem-
ber, 1861, pro\4ded that no company should be accepted
' 127 W. R.. 126-131. ' 127 W. R., 309.
• 127 W. R.. 302.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 31
with less than 64 privates in the infantry, 60 in the
cavalry, and 70 in the artillery,' and that a regiment
should consist of 10 companies.^ A circular of the
Secretary of War to the same effect, and allowing
existing companies to be raised to 125, was issued
February 22, 1862.^ The act of October 11, 1862,
provided that a company of infantry should consist of
at least 125 rank and file, a company of artillery of at
least 150 rank and file, and a company of cavalry of
at least 80 rank and file. This act did not go into
effect until the formation of new regiments had nearly
if not quite ceased, and therefore it would not be safe to
adopt these numbers for the strength of the companies
when they were enrolled into the service ; and the num-
ber in a company must be assumed to have been origi-
nally between the limits of 64 and 100, as prescribed
by the act of March 6, 1861. The War Records do not
give the strength of organizations at date of entry in
the service, but there are lists of organizations with the
total numbers present and absent of five of the chief
armies in the early part of 1862, before they were re-
cruited much, if any, but not before they had suffered
some loss in campaigning, from which the average
strength of companies at that time can be ascertained.
They show the following : —
1 127 W. R., 765.
^ The Confederate Adjutant-General, December 13, 1861, as-
sumed that there were 10 companies to a regiment in all arms.
(127 W. R., 823.)
» 127 W. R., 790.
32 NmtBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
1B$2
Jannary ' Northern Virginia ' . . .
" .Centra] of Kentucky - . .
" 1st Div. of Western Dept.' .
February Alabama and West Florida *
April lU Dept. of North Carolina^ .
Total
1
1
i
S
sa
1
K
112
3
46
HO
ED
1181
98,050
47
6
12
512
39,548
27
8
14
324
44,783
20
4
8
228
16,206
25
231
1
22
28
108
283
26,433
2528
207.020
83
77
7«
79
93
S1.8
The number of companies is above computed on the
basis of 10 to a regiment and legion/ and 5 to a bat-
talion, and, although some battalions had a company
more or less than this number, the variation would not
probably lower the average.'
March 1, 1862, the Confederate Adjutant-General
reported the strength of 369 regiments and 89 bat-
talions, two thirds of them twelve months' troops, at
340,250, an average of 823 to the regiment.*
It will be seen in the above table that in the Depart-
ment of North Carolina the average of the company
was 93 ; and even in the Army of Northern Virginia,
which had made the Bull Run campaign, it was 83.
A return of Beauregard's corps, Army of the Potomac,
" Vol. vii. p. 852.
* Vol. vi. p. 819.
» Vol. V. pp. 1015, 1029-1031.
* Vol. vii. p. 853.
' Vol. ix. pp. 459, 460.
° Hampton's legion originally had 11 companies. Cobb's had 10
companies, and Phillips's had 9 companies. (127 W. R., 304,
788.)
' The 24 battalions in service for the war, December 13, 1861,
contained 149 companies, an average of 6j\. (127 W. R., 788,
790.)
» 127 W. R., 963.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 33
August 31, 1861/ gives an average of 1037 per regi-
ment iu the 32 regiments and 1 battalion of that
army. June 23, 1862, General Longstreet reported
that the Vuginia troops in his command, consisting of
23 regiments, 1 battalion, and 17 batteries, numbered
18,993,- equal to about 754 men to the regiment. This
was after two campaigns.
Another return shows the strength of regiments in
three brigades of the Central Army of Kentucky as 831
in November, 1861,^ and another shows that the aver-
age number per regiment in 9 regiments and 4 bat-
talions in ZolUcoffer's command in September, 1861,
was 957.* The " Roster of the Louisiana Troops mus-
tered into the Provisional Army of the Confederate
States," prepared by Colonel Oscar Aroyo, Secretary
of State,' shows 36,243 original enlistments in the
infantry, 4024 in the artillery, and 10,056 in the cav-
alry. This gives an average of 906 to the regiment
for the 35 regiments and 10 battalions of infantry,
and 874 to the regiment for the 2 regiments and 26
batteries of artillery embraced in Colonel Fox's list.*
It is evident that 10,056 men could not have been
originally enrolled in the two regiments and one bat-
talion of cavalry embraced in Colonel Fox's list, but
the average per regiment in the 3 regiments, 13 bat-
talions, and 8 squadrons embraced in Colonel Stone's
list^ would be 976. In view of the loss from death,
discharge, and desertion which had inevitably been suf-
1 5 W. R., 824, 825. ' 14 W. R., 614, 615.
« 4 W. R., 484, 552. * 4 W. R., 409.
' Cited in United Confederate Veterans, 28.
' Regimental Losses, 553. ' Ante, p. 29.
34 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
fered by the armies embraced in the above table,' the
most of the organizations composing them having en-
tered the service in 18G1, it is evident that the averaffe
original strength of the companies was greater than that
shown in the table, and, as that table shows that there
■were few if any companies which originally had only the
minimum of Gi privates, it is not extravagant to assume
that the average original strength of the regiments in
the Confederate army was between 906 (the strength of
the Louisiana infantry regiments) and 1037, the strength
of the regiments in Beauregard's corps, as stated above,
and probably it will not involve serious error to assume
it to have been the mean between these numbers, which
is 971. Applying this number to the organizations equal
to 849 regiments, ascertained as above " to have been
regularly enrolled in the service of the Confederate
States, we establish the strengfth of these orjraniza-
tions as 824.379. Probably the muster-rolls on tile in
the War Department show the original strength of nearly
all the organizations regularly enrolled in the Confedei^
ate service ; and if the above estimate is excessive, it
will some time be corrected by the patient labor of some
one who shall examine these rolls, and number the names
of the men who originally composed the different organ-
izations, but the number of ascertained facts and figures
upon which the above estimate is based is probably
large enough to insure against any considerable error.
Research in the muster-rolls would also probably show
very nearly the number of recruits joining the various
organizations during the time covered by the rolls.
The chief source of information on this subject for the
* Page 32. » Page 28.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 35
■writer is the report of the Superintendent of the Bureau
of Conscription made in February, 1865/ which shows
that between April 16, 1862, and the date of that re-
port, the armies were recruited by 81,993 conscripts,
and that 72,292 joined the army as volunteers to avoid
conscription, and the report adds that this estimate of
the number of volunteers is regarded as much too small.''
These numbers, added to 824,379 above estimated as
the original strength, increase the total number in the
army to at least 978,664.
STRENGTH OF IRREGULAR ORGANIZATIONS IN THE
CONFEDERACY.
To the strength of the regular organizations is to
be added the number who served in the mUitia and
other irregular organizations, shown in Colonel Stone's
list above referred to, which were the equivalent of 160
regiments.^ There is no standard by which the strength
of these organizations can be exactly ascertained, and
perhaps the most minute examination of then* rolls and
returns in the War Department would not enable one
to arrive at their numbers with exactness. The orders
of one Confederate commander in 1863 for raising vol-
unteers not within the conscript age, for local defense
and special service, nnder the acts of August 21, 1861,
and October 13, 1862, fixed the minimum rank and
file of an infantry company at 50, and of a cavalry com-
pany at 40, and provided that regiments should have at
» M. and D., Part HI. 127, 128 ; 129 W. R., 1109, 1110.
' Major DuflBeld, a Virginia officer, has stated that by order he
burnt tlie conscript records. The Century, March, 1892, p. 792.
» Ante, p. 29.
36 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
least 10 companies, and battalions at least 5 companies/
and another order for the reorganization of the Texas
StJite Troops in 18G-i called for companies of not less
than 100, or more than 125." The governor of South
Carolina in 18G3 fixed the minimum number in a com-
pany for local defense or special service at 76, and the
maximum at 137, and ordered that the regiments should
have 10 companies.^
A return of Carson's Division of Virginia Militia,
August 31,* 1861, gave 5488 as the strength of 9 regi-
ments, and Moore's " Roster of North CaroUna Troops"
gives 4:077 as the number who served in 6 regiments
and 1 battalion of Junior Reserves from that State.
The averase of these 15.1 regiments was 617. If this
were adopted as the standard, the total strength of
98,720 would be arrived at for the 160 irregular
regiments, making with the 978,664 above computed,*
1,077,384 as the number ser\'ing in the Confederate
armies during the war. But this result cannot be ac-
cepted as exact, for it does not include any recruits
beyond the 154,285 reported as above stated, and
computations below tend to show that it is too small.
COMPUTATIOX OF CONFEDERATE NUMBERS FROM AVER-
AGE TOTAL STRENGTH OF REGIMENTS DURING THE
WAR.
Fortunately there is a record, before cited, of the
soldiers of one of the Confederate States, from which
the average number of men enrolled in each of a large
> 33 W, R., 996. » 62 W. R., 1087. • 47 W. R., 145, 146.
* 5 W. R., 82o. ' Page 35.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 37
number of the regularly enroUed Confederate regi-
ments during the war may be computed. Moore's
" Roster of North Carolina Troops," a work prepared
since the war, with the authority of the State, consists
of a Ust of 104,254 men who served in the 76 regiments,
11 battalions, and 1 battery which were organized in
that State for the Confederate service. Owing to in-
complete muster-rolls and other causes, the author of
this roster was unable to make a complete list, and he
states it as his belief, founded upon ascertained facts, that
the total number of men furnished by the State equaled
120,000. In this connection, it is to be noted that,
as against the equivalent of 81 regiments of infantry,
12 regiments of cavaky, and 3 regiments of artillery in
Colond Stone's list, a total of 96 regiments, this roster
embraces only 76 regiments, 11 battalions, and 1 bat-
tery, a total of 82 regiments ; of which only 1 regiment
and 3 battalions are cavalry, and 3 battalions and 1
company are artillery. This difference is accounted
for, in part, by the 9 regiments of militia included in
Colonel Stone's list, and not embraced in the roster.
Deducting the 4321 names credited by the roster to the
6 regiments and 1 battalion of Junior Reserves and
the navy from 120,000, we have 115,679 men for the
70 regiments, 10 battalions, and 1 battery in the Con-
federate service, from which we derive the average of
1540 to the regiment. North Carolina was not con-
spicuous above the other Southern States for a martial
spirit before the War of the RebelHon, and her people
were not as a whole fervid in the cause of secession,
and there is no reason to suppose that more men were
originally enroUed in, or recruited for, the average
38 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
regiment from that State than in the other Confederate
States.
The following statistics have been given by the
authorities of some of the other Confederate States, as
before mentioned : —
Florida. 1-1 regiments.* About 15,000 ; " average, about 1070. As
before stated, this estimate was probably not intended to cover
recruits.
Georgia, 94 regiments.' Over 100,000 ; ' average over 1063.
Mississippi, 65 regiments.' Between 70,000 and 80,00 ; * average
between 1200 and 1230.
South Carolina, 45^ regiments.' About 60,000 ; ' average, about
1310.
As above pointed out, the statistics for Florida and
Georgia are too narrow or too indefinite to establish
the average strength of regiments, and those for Missis-
sippi and South CaroUna are not complete, and may be
used onlv to estimate a minimum average. The writer
has not been able to obtain any information from the
records of the remaining Confederate States as to the
total number of men enrolled in the Confederate ser-
vice.
Applying to the 849 regularly enrolled regiments,
' Reg. Losses, 553.
^ No records extant, except an abstract of the muster-rolls of 13
regiments. Letter of Adjutant-General Lang to Dr. Joseph Jones,
August 29. 1891. United Confederate Veterans, 24.
•Letter of Governor Brown, 1865. Pamphlet. Macon. Cited
ante. p. 25.
* House Journal of Mississippi for 1865. (See note, ante, page
25.)
' Letter of Adjutant and Inspector-General Bonh.-un to Dr. Jones,
June 12, 1890, in United Confederate Veterans, 33.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 39
ascertained as above,* the average of 1540 per regiment
derived from the estimate of the author of the North
Carolina Roster,^ the result is 1,307,460 men regularly
enrolled in the Confederate service, as against 1,141,000,
the number subject to conscription, estimated from the
census.^ If the list of 104,254 names in the North Car-
oUna Roster is adopted instead of the estimate of its
author, less 4321* for the 6^ regiments of Junior Re-
serves, the average of 1330 is obtained, which is near
to the average . .length of regiments as shown by the
figures g^ven above for South Carolina. This would give
1,129,170 as the number, of men, all told, regularly
enrolled in 849 regiments. Adding to this 98,720 for
the strengfth of the irregfular orgfanizations as above
computed, we arrive at 1,227,890 as the total number
of enlistments opposed to the 2,898,304 enlistments in
the Union army during the war, or, if the larger num-
ber, 1,307,460, above computed as the number regularly
enrolled in the Confederate service, is adopted, the total
is 1,406,180. It is possible that this number might be
increased by the addition of organizations omitted from
the writer's list because they first appear in the War
Records after October, 1863, or for other reasons sug-
gested below.' It is hardly probable that there were
1,406,180 enhstments among 1,239,000 men,'^ exclud-
ing men retained in their regiments by reenlistment, in
view of the measures which were taken to hold men
in the organizations in which they originally entered
the service.
' Page 28. ' Ante, p. 37. ' Ante, p. 22.
* Including Navy men. ' Page 54. ' Ante, p. 22.
40 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
ESTIMATES BY OTHERS.
An estimate made in the War Records Office^ has
placed the total numher in the Confederate service at
" over 1,000,000." This estimate is based on 472,000
shown by the Confederate returns to have been in ser-
vice January 1, ISGl, at least 250,000 deaths occurring
prior to that date, and discharges and desertions which
it is said " would probably increase the number to over
1,000,000."
An estimate of Mr. A. B. Cassellman, of the Pension
Office, from another view pubhshed in " The Century "
for March, 1892,'' places the number at 1,500,000.
RATIO OF ESTIMATES OP CONFEDERATE NUMBERS TO
NUMBER OF XJNION ENLISTMENTS.
The ratio of the number arrived at in each of the
estimates above to the total number of men in the
Union army is shown in the following table : —
VMmt»» of Confederate Nomben
Heu in Confed-
erate Army
Enlistments in
Union Army '
Percent
Marcos J. Wright ......
Early, Stephens, and Jones . . .
Partial estimate *
Estimate from the census, about ^
Estimate from the number and av-
erag« strength of regiments ^ .
Estimate of War Records Office .
Casselliuaii's estimate
600,000
to
700,000
600,(X)0
,'*s.->,ooo
1,239,000
1,22" ,890
or
1,400.180
i,a)o.(X)0
1,500,000
2,898.304
20 to 24
20
30
42
42 or 48
U
51
' Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, iv. 768, and letter of
Major George B. Davis, December 1, 1894, in files of M. H. M.
'' Page 792.
« Ante, p. 22.
• Post, p. 50.
• Ante, p. 39.
* Ante, p. 8.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 41
KETXJRNS OF THE ARMIES COMPABED WITH THE FORE-
GOING ESTIMATES OF NUMBERS.
The ratio of the average strength of the Confederate
army to the average strength of the Union army would
he the same as the ratio between the total number of
men enrolled during the war on the two sides, other
things being equal ; but in fact the former ratio was
less than that between any one of the above estimates
of the total number in the Confederate army, not ex-
cepting Mr. Cassellman's estimate of 1,500,000, and
the total enlistments in the Union army.
There is not to be found in the Confederate papers
published in the War Records any return of the total
present and absent in the Confederate armies at any
date.^ A careful comparison of the several hundred
returns published in the War Records has resulted in
the following tables of the numbers present and ab-
sent on dates at which the published records give the
strenofth of the Union armies. In some cases where
returns of the Confederate armies for the specific dates
assumed have not been found in the War Records,
those of the nearest dates have been used, in the absence
of reason to believe that a substantial difference in
numbers had arisen in the intervals. In some cases
estimates of the numbers present and absent, based on
the numbers returned as present or " effective," have
been used. As the returns in the War Records do not
always include all the organizations in the armies at
dates assumed, it is probable that the total niunbers
* A statement of the total number was rendered by the Adjutant-
General to the Secretary of War of the Confederate States, January
3, 1865, but it is missing (96 W. E., 1007).
42 yr.MBERS AXD LOSSES IX THE CIVIL WAR
reached are below the real numbers. To enable these
calculations of numbers to be verified, references are
made to the volume and page of the Records contain-
ing the returns used. Estimates for January, 1S62,
"63, '64. '65, which were made in the War Office,
substantially confirm these tables.^
TABLE OF XTMBERS FKOM COXFEDEKATE RETTRXS OF
AKMIES. DEPABTME>-TS, ETC., JULY, 1S61.
Anny of Potomac aad Shenandoah * 33.752 "
AnnT of Peninsula o.oOO
"\lrgini.-» militia at Winchester 5.488 '
North Carolina (4 regiments estimated) 3,000 *
Soath Carolina ( 2800 deducted for 4 regiments in
Armr of Potomac^ 6.000 «
Fensae^U 2.300/
IGssoari and Arkansas 28.000 »
Tennessee (aboat^ 22.«:H>0 »
Florida (about) 3.000 •
Texas (about) 3.000>
Total (about) 112.040
.2W. lU laf;. 4-:3.4«tT. aas. 5«.9». »2W.IU.931. '2W.BL.47S:5
W.R,T90.*25. MW.K..*SJ. ' 1 W. B.. 285 ; 2 W. R- 5^. 5«. / 1 W. K-.
4m. f3W.it-613.eaR.61-; 4W.IL,382,3T2. * 3 W. B., 612. • 1 W. R,
4":0-iT2. /4W. R.,96.1». lOa
jAMTABT, laes.
Dept. of Northern Virginia 98,050 •
Armr of Peninsula (December. "61) 20.683 »
District of Norfolk (NovMnber 30) 15.143 '
• 5 W. R_ 1015. » 4 W. R_ 716. ' 4 W. R., 708.
1 Battles and Leaders of the Gril War. ir. 768. and lener of
Major George B. Daris. Deeember 1, 18M. in files of M. H. M.
* This number includes onlv those present for dntr. and includes
Holmes's brigade at Fredeiicksbarg.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 43
Dept. of North Carolina 13,884''
Dept. No. 1 (Louisiana) 10,296 '
South Carolina, December (about) 17,000-''
Dept. of Georgia (November 10) 8,500 »
Dept. of Alabama and West Florida (February 1) . 18,206 *
Dept. of Middle and East Florida 4,680 '
Western Dept. (December), less Arkansas .... 86,861-'
Forts Henry and Donelson (January 21) .... 5,210 *
Zollicoffer's command 8,451 '
Marshall's command (January 1) 2,160 "*
Cumberland Gap 2,073 »
Army of the Northwest, December, '61 (about) . . 4,500 "
Price's command (January 23) Missouri (est.) . . 4,000 p
McCulloch's division (Arkansas) 10,677 i
Pike's division (Indian Ter.), February 7 . . . . 9,000 -■
Texas (October to January) 12,044 '
351,418
" 9 W. R., 424, 425. « 6 W. R., 819. / 6 W. R., 357, 363. » 6 W. R., 314.
*6W.R.,819. '6W.R.,371. -"T W. R.,813,814. *7W.R., 843. '7W.R.,
814. >» 7 W. R., 815. » 7 W. R., 843. " 5 W. R., 1055. p 8 W. R., 739, 740.
s 8 W. R., 746. >■ 8 W. R., 749. • 4 W. R., 166.
APRIL, 1862.
Army of Northern Virginia " ' 110,000 "
EweU's division (April 16) 8,500 "
Valley District, Jackson's division of 3 brigades
(May 3) 8,397 =
<» 14 W. R., 484. M8W. R.,851. <^ 18 W. R., 879.
* A compilation from the returns on file for about December,
1861, ex. New Mexico, Missouri, and Indian Territory, shows
326,768 present and absent (127 W. R., 822).
^ Number in Acquia District not included, in the absence of
returns from this district.
' Estimated from the return of 55,633 " effectives," at the ratio
of 4699 "effectives" in Toombs's division (p. 480), April 30, to
the 9325 " present and absent " in the same (1st) division, April
23 (14 W. R., 460).
44 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Norfolk * (Huger's command) 15,143'*
Dept. of North Carolina 26,433 •
South Carolina aiid Georgia ' 40,000-''
Middle and East Florida (AprU 30) 4,393"
Alabama and West Florida' (AprU 15) .... 11,000*
Army of the Mississippi 93,883 '
Fort PiUow 3.847>
Dept. of East Tennessee 16.199 *
Army of the West (May 4) 34,035 '
Trans-Miss. Dist April 15, ex. troops ordered to
Memphis, which are included presumably in
Army of Miss. (11 W. R., 475), and including
500 on the way from Texas 20,000 "
Ind. Ter. (May) 9,565 •
401,395*
d 4 W. R, 700. ' 0 W. R.. 459. / 20 W. R., 40S. » 20 W. R. 468.
» 6 W. R., S7o. !?TG. ' 11 W. R., 475. > 11 W. R.. 47t5. * 11 W. R., 476.
' 11 W. R., 491. - 19 W. R., 81S. • 19 W. R., Sol.
March 1, 1862, the Confederate Adjutant-General
reported 3i0,250 from the returns, with an estimate
of 20 to 25 reffuuents additional for resriments not
embraced in the returns (127 ^y. R., 903).
' Estimated from return of November 30, 1861, in view of re-
turns for Huger's division of 3 brigades of 15 regiments, besides
Ransom's brigade, June 26, 1862 (13 W. R., 504).
' Estimated from returns of 27,687 "effectives." May 11, in the
ratio of 4883 '• effectives " to 7209 " present and absent " in 2d
district of South Carolina, shown in return of April 12 (20 W. R.,
482).
• Estimated from 8360 reported " present"
* There are no returns for Heth's command at Lewishurg, Va.,
or for the forces in Mississippi, Texas, and part of Missouri and
Louisiana, and no number is included for these commands.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 45
JANUARY, 1863.
Army of Northern Virginia, including Valley Dist.
and excluding Ransom's division 144,614 "
Maryland Brigade, Edenburg, Va. 979 '
Dept of West Virginia 10,143 <;
Dept. of North Carolina, Richmond, etc. ' . . . 54,334 ■*
Ransom's division 6,985 '
Dept. of South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida . 27,225/
Mississippi and East Louisiana 73,161 '
Army of Tennessee 83,767 *
McCovra's division 7,934 '
Van Dorn's division (Jan. 18) ' 11,000 >
Dept. of East Tennessee « 17,098 *
Dist. of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona (Jan, 12) 9,.322 '
446,622
<■ 40 W. R., 602. »40W.E.,602. '40W.R.,603. <« 26 W. R, 865, 866,
901. ' 31 W. R., 107.5 ; 26 W. R., 850, 855. /20 W. K., 757. » 38 W. R., 611.
* 35 W. R., 622. ' 35 W. R., 623. > 30 W. R., 412, 4ia * 30 W. R., 475 ;
35 W. R., 644. ' 21 W. R., 946.
JANUARY, 1864.
Army of Northern Virginia 91,253 "
Dept. of Richmond (ex. Maryland line) .... 10,518 '
Valley District, including Archer's and Thomas's
brigades * • 12,000 '
Army of West Virginia and East Tennessee . . . 19,599 ■*
« 49 W. R., 898. ' 49 W. R., 904. ' 49 W. R., 904. <* 49 W. R., 908.
* Number in District of Cape Fear, taken from the separate report
of the troops in that district. Number in Robertson's brigade taken
from return of March 1.
' Estimated from returns of 7455 " present " (see, ako, 35 W. R.,
633, 680) in the proportion shown in return, 38 W. R., 611.
' Mean of returns for December, 1862, and February 20, 1863.
* See 49 W. R., 901, notes.
' 13^ regiments, estimated from average strength of infantry
regiments in Army of Northern Virginia.
46 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Defenses of Wilmington 9,215 •
Dept. of North Carolina 18,763/
Dept. of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida . . 47,491 "
Mobile and defenses (Jan. 20) 12,512 »
Troops in Mississippi (Jan. 20) 44,132 '
Longstreet's command, East Tennessee (Dec. 31) 44,173-'
Army of Tennessee 98,215 *■
Trans-Mississippi Dept. (Jan. 1) 73.289 '
481,160
' 49 W. R., 907. / 49 W. R., 906. « 47 W. R., 601. * 5S W. R, 682 ; 59
W.R., 586. '68W.R.,S83. J 56 W. R., 889. * 56 W. a, 883. ' 62 W. R.,
814.
JANUARY, 1865.
Army of Nortliern Virginia 150,373 "
Dept. of Virginia and East Tennessee (Nov., '64) . 7,138 ^
Dept of Richmond 16.601 '
Western District of North Carolina ' 2,226 ''
South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (Jan. 20) " . 53,014 '
Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana (Dec. 1) . 32,148 ^
Trans-Jlississippi Dept' 96,708 "
Army of Tennessee (Dec. 10) 86,995*
445,203
" 89 W. R., 1362. » 79 W. R., 007. ' 89 W. R., 1358. "* 89 W. R., 1279.
• 99 W. R., 1082. /94 W. R., 632. » 86 W. R., 1137-1141. » 93 W. R., 679.
' In the stitement made up in the War Records Office, 4 Bat-
tles and Leaders of the Civil War, 768, the return for Nortli Caro-
lina is given as 5187, but the writer has not succeeded in finding
the return in the published War Records.
' About 4000 are reported present December 28 (pp. 999, 1000)
in organizations which do not appear in the returns of Norember
20 (pp. 874-876).
' The return of Drayton's division (p. 138) shows 970 more than
the number set down in the return of the army (p. 1141).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 47
COMPARISON OF THE FOREGOING NUMBERS WITH THE
NUMBER ON THE UNION ROLLS AT SAME DATES.
Date
No. on
Uniou
Rous'
Average
No. on
Confederate
Returns
Average
Per cent
July, 1861
Jan., 1862
M«r. 31, 1862
Jan. 1, 1863
Jan. 1, 1864
Jan. 1, 1865
186,751 .
575,917 \
637,126 j
918,121 j
860,737 j
959,460 '
381,334
606,521
777,623
889,429
910,098
112,040 J
351,418 ]
401,395 <
446,622 ]
481,160 ]
445,203 *
231,729
376,406
424,018
463,891
403,181
60.7
62
54
52
50
3,565,005
1,959,225
55
To arrive at an absolutely exact average strength of
the two armies, it would be necessary to allow some-
thing for those troops which, by reason of their short
term of service or for other reasons, were not counted
in the returns on which the above averages are based.
On the Union side there were 250,000 men who served
from two weeks to six months (post, p. 50) ; and on the
Confederate side there were irregular troops, estimated
to be about 98,720 (ante, p. 36), serving an average
term of 10 months (post, p. Gl), that were not always
carried in the returns of the Confederate armies. So,
also, disproportion in the casualties on the two sides
would have to be taken into account to reach the exact
average strength on each side. In the Union army
110,070 ■' were killed and died of wounds ; 249,458 -
» M. and D., Part III. 102. » Reg. Losses, 527.
48 NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CIVIL WAR
died of disease and accident ; and there were about
125,000* desertions and 426,664* discharges, — a totixl
of 911,192. The casualties on the Confederate side,
established by the muster-rolls and reports, and esti-
mates of losses in battle by Confederate commanders,
were 94,000 killed and mortally wounded,^ 59,297 died
of disease,' 83,372 desertions,* and 57,411 discharged,'
a total of 294,080 ; but, as before stated, these rolls
cover only about two years on an average, and it is
not to be doubted that the total for four years was in
fact considerably greater.
The fact that the average strength shown on the
returns of all the Confederate armies during the four
years of the war was 55 per cent, of the average
strength of all the Union armies for the same time
tends to prove that the Confederate estimates of 600,000
to 700,000 for the total number in the Confederate
army, or 20 to 24 per cent, of the total number
(2,898,304) ° in the Union armies, are too small. But
it would be an error to assume that the ratio of 55 per
cent, between the average strength of the Union armies
and the average strength of the Confederate armies
shows the absolute ratio between the number of men
who were enrolled on each side, because it might not
give due effect to the varying terms of service of the
various levies on either side. No comparison of num-
bers could be just which did not take this into account.
1 M. and D.. Part IH. 78-89. ' Reg. Losses, 554.
» M. and D., Part III. 141.
« M. and D., Part III. 139-141 ; 21,056 deducted from a total
of 104,428 for deserters returned to the ranks.
« Post, p. 50.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 49
It is obvious that a given number of men serving for
four years constitute in effect a force at least sixteen
times as strong as the same number serving for three
months. In reducing the terms of enlistment to a
common term, as for instance three years, some statis-
ticians have assumed that the term of service of the
so-called three years' men enlisted in 1863 and 1864
was three years, when in effect their service terminated
with the war, at the end of one or two years. Such
assumptions have their place in measuring the term
of service for which it was possible to enroll men, but
they have no place in comparing the effectual strength
of the two armies during the war. This comparison
can be made only by compounding the number of men
with the actual term of service on each side.
The following table shows the actual terms of
service of the various levies of United States troops
and the equivalent number of men serving for three
years, assuming that the service ended May 4, 1865,
when hostilities had been terminated by the surrender
of the principal armies of the Confederacy, and that
the term of each levy which was terminated by the close
of hostilities began one month after the date when the
levy was called for.^
» This assumption probably errs on the side of greater numbers,
as it is probable that the average interval between the call and
muster-in was greater.
50 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF MEN IN UNION ARMY,
THEIR ACTUAL TERM OF SERVICE, AND THE EQUIVA-
LENT NUMBER OF MEN SERVING THREE YEARS.
(Authorities, M. and D., Rep. of Provost Marshal General, pp. 7 et seq. and
160 ; Statement of War Dept, Records and Pension Division, Jan., 1892.)
Date of Preaident's call.
Act o( CoDgT«8s, or draft
Number
furnished
Term for
which called
Actual
term of
•errioe
Equivaleut
numbers
for term of
three yean
1861
AprU 15
May 3, July 22-25 . . .
1862
May, June
JiUy2
Aojrnst 4
18;a
Jime 15
July (draft)
October 17, IStW, and Feb-
ruary 1, 1864 ....
18(>t
March 14
AprU 23
July 18
December 19
Various from the Territo-
ries and Southern States
Ditto
186:3
Emergency men and militia
91,816
2,715
9,147
30,9,">0
657,868'
15,007
421,465
87,588
16,361
35,582-'
281,510'
259,515
83,612
385,163
211,752
172,744*
15,509
120,000
3 mos.
6 mos.
lyr.
2 yrs.
Syrs.
3 mos.
3 yra.
9 mos.
6 mos.
Syrs.
3yi8.
Syts.
100 days.
1,2, 3. and
4 years,
do.
do.
60 days to
a vear.^
2 to 3 weeks.
3 mos.
6 mos.
1 vr.
2 vrs.
3 yra.
3 mos.
33 mos.
9 mos.
6 mos.
22 mos.
16 mos.
13 mos.
100 days.
Si mos.
4 mos.
18 mos.
60 days to
a year.
7,651
4.i2
3.049
20,633
657,868
1,250
386.:i43
21,897
2,727
21,744
125,115
9:3,714
7,636
90,941
23,528
86,372
3,451
2,307
2,898^304
1,556,678
' Possibly 16,000 regvdars on rolls January, 1861, should be
added here.
* These men are included with call of February 1, in statement
of War Department, etc. ; but see M. and D., Part III. 28, 39.
* 300,000 were called October 17. and 200,000 more February 1.
The average of 16 months' service is taken upon the assumption that
the enlistments were proportionate under the two calls.
* 97,598 were colored troops, all but one regiment enroUetl after
1862.
' This actual service is estimated. (See M. and D., Part III. 67
et seq. ; Part I. 31.)
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 51
TEEM OF SERVICE OF THE CONFEDERATE TROOPS.
There is no summary in the published records of the
terms of service of the various levies of Confederate
troops, but there is abundant evidence that in effect
the term of service of all men composing the organiza-
tions reo-ularly enrolled in the army of the Confederate
States was for the duration of the war. The first act
of the Confederate Congress for raising an army was
that of February 28, 1861, which for both State forces
and volunteers established twelve months as the term
of ser\-ice,' and under this act 70,000 men were called
out.* The act of March 6, 1861, established a perma-
nent regular army of seven regiments and 41 compa-
nies,*^ with a term of enlistment of not less than three
or more than five years. Thirteen regiments and one
battery were in fact raised for this force.^
The act of May 8, 1861, authorized the President to
accept the service of all volunteers offering themselves
for service during the war,* and the act of May 11
authorized him to fix the term of service.^ The writer
has not found, in the records published, any proclama-
tion of the Confederate President fixing the number of
troops or the term of service under these acts. The act
of December 11, 1861, established a bounty for all then
in service for twelve months who should reenlist for
two years more." At that date 110 regiments were in
service for the war.^ The act of January 23, 1862,
authorized the President, at his discretion, to call on
> M. and D., Part IH. 117-119 ; 127 W. R., 117, 135, 211, 221.
'^ 127 W. R., 127. ' Reg. Losses, 553.
* 127 W. R., 302. ' 127 W. R., 310.
• 127 W. R., 825. ' 127 W. R., 790.
52 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL KAR
tlie States for any number o£ troops for three years.'
The act of January 27, 18G2, authorized recruiting
three years' vohinteers for companies then in service
for twelve months.- The act of January 29, 1862,
mentioned drafts by the States to till the President's
requisition for men for three years.^ Under these acts
the Confederate authorities refused to receive troops
for less than three years except * for local or speciid
service. February 2, 1802, the President called upon
the governors of the States to furnish 239,204 to
serve for the war.* Following this, the governors of
the States began to warn their people that, if enough
volunteers did not respond to the call, they should make
drafts for the deficiency." Confederate returns show
that March 1, 1862, about two thirds of the troops
were in service for twelve months," but they were all
retiiined in ser\nce for the war ; for while the act of
April 10, 1802, placed all between 18 and 35 in the
sernce by conscription," it also provided that all sol-
diers from 18 to 35 years of age who were there April
10 should be continued in service for three years.^ If
a few twelve months' volunteers between 35 and 45
years of age were entitled to their discharge, they
were swept back among the conscripts by the act of
September 27, 1862,'" and they, as well as all others
within the conscript age, were held for service until the
» 127 W. R, 869. » 127 W. R., 925.
» 127 W. R.. 891. * 127 W. R.. 823.
« 127 W. R., 902. • 127 W. R.. 920.
' 127 W. R., 963. • 127 W. R., 1095.
• 127 W. R., 1105. w M. & D., Part lU. 121.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 53
end of the war. Inspection of the War Records shows
that substantially all of the regiments enrolled in 1861
remained in service to the end of the war. It may,
then, be assumed that in effect the term of service of
all who entered the Confederate armies continued from
the time they entered untU the end of the war. May 4,
1865.
The returns of the Confederate armies above tabu-
lated show that there were on their rolls, —
In July, 1861 112,040 men.»
In January, 18G2 351,418 men."
The average date of enlistment of those who were on
the rolls in July may be safely placed at the mean
between the firing on Fort Sumter and July 31, 1861,
which is about June 1 ; and October 31, 1861, may
be taken as the average date of enlistment of those who
joined the army between July 31, 1861, and January,
1862, and the term of service of these troops may then
be estimated as follows : —
Men on returns of July, 1861, in service for 47 months . 112,040
Men on returns of January, 1862, in service for 42 months 239,378
The later returns of the armies cannot serve as a
basis for establishing the term of service of the remain-
der of the levies, but the dates at which the various
regiments and battaUons first appear in the War Re-
cords may be taken to establish the dates at which they
entered the service ; for, although the most of them no
doubt entered the service some time before the dates at
which they were mentioned in the official papers con-
» Ante, pp. 42, 43.
54 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
tained in the War Records, yet there is a basis for cor-
rectino; the resulting: error in some cases, and in the
others the total error cannot be very great.
The following table gives the number of regiments
and battalions of infantry and cavalry, mention of
which the writer has noted in the War Records as
follows : —
Class A. Those appearing in May, 1862, and ear-
lier.
Class B. Those appearing after May, 1862, bearing
numbers lower than those of Class A, which indicate
that they entered the service prior to the latest of
Class A.
Class C. Others appearing June, 1862, to October,
1863, inclusive.
There are included among the regiments in this table
twelve legions. A legion sometimes had less, and some-
times more, men than a regiment.* They are counted
as regiments here upon the assumption that their aver-
age strength was equal to that of the regiments.
In some cases regiments and battahons of infantry
and cavalry appear in the War Records under designa-
tions different from those under which organizations are
counted in the table below ; and although in some cases
it has been discovered that they were only alternative
designations for organizations included in the table, yet
it is possible that this was not true in all instances, and
therefore that some are omitted : —
> See 127 W. R., 304, 789.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 55
Class A
Class B
Class C
state
Regiments
Battalions
Regiments
Regiments
11
26
8
2
18
2
Battalions
Alabama "
Arkansas *
43
24
9
14
-
10
11
1
Confederate '
-
~
~
5
Florida <*
Georgia «
7
51
5
4
9
10
2
Indian Ter./
3
10
7
1
10
4
Kentucky »
29
3
7
(i
Louisiana ''
30
3
Maryland '
1
2
8
2
7
1
15
Mississippi^
Missouri '
North Carolina'
38
24
40
14
21
4
15
20
16
7
8
4
South Carolina""
Tennessee "
Texas"
VirginiaP
29
72
31
68
1
11
3
5
1
13
1
16
S
22
Totals
490
74
45
185
132
a W R 4, 7, 8, 10-12, 14, 21-26, 29, 35-38, 42, 48, 50, 51, 58. " W. R., 4,
11 14 21-24, 32-36, 53. <= W. R., 25, 40, 51, 56. " W. R., 11, 14, 20, 27, 47.
e W R , 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 20, 23, 29, 30, 35, 47, 49, 50. / W. R., 19, 32,
33 9 W. R., 10, 11, 14, 23, 25, 30, 34, 35, 39, 49. " W.R., 10, 11, 14, 15,
18^2" 3.5 36 41. ' W. R. 37, 39, 45, 49. J W. R., 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 20-22, 24,
25 27 29 34, 36-39, 53, 56. * W. R., 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 32, 33. ' W. R., 5,
9 'll-14 'l8 20, 21, 33, 26, 30, 35, 40, 49. -» W. R., 6, 9, 11-14, 18, 20, 25,
s'l 34 37, 40, 47. » W. R., 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 21-25, 27, 29, 34, 35, 38, 51.
o W. R., 5, 9, 11, 14, 19, 21, 25, 32, 33, 37, 41, 42, 50. p W. R., 4-6, 9, 11-15,
18, 26-28, 31, 35, 39, 40, 44, 45, 49.
Tlie foreo-oing table shows the equivalent of 572
regiments prior to, and 251 regiments after, June 1,
1862.1
In Colonel Fox's list ^ there are 5 regiments, 6 bat-
talions, and 261 batteries of artiUery, equal to 34 regi-
ments. It may be assumed that these troops entered
» Moore's North Carolina Roster records enlistments in 41 regi-
ments in 1861, and in 25 more in the first seven months of 1862,
out of a total of 70 regiments.
" Reg. Losses, 553.
56 NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CIVIL WAR
the service after May, or prior to June, 1862, in the
same proportion as the organizations in the above table.
This gives 23 regiments of artillery, and a total of 595
regiments of all arms, as entering the service prior to
June, 18G2, which at the average strength of 971,
as above estimated (p. 3-4), gives a total of 577,745
in these organizations at the outset. Deducting the
351,4:18 in service in January, 1862, there remain
226,327 whose term of service may be assumed to have
begun midway between January 1 and June 1, or March
15, and therefore to have been 37^ months.
The writer has not closely examined the War Records
covering the period subsequent to October, 1863, for
organizations regularly entering the Confederate service
during that period of 19 months, but he assumes below
(pp. 59-61) that the average term of service of all such
organizations was one year. This does not seem too
loner a term in view of the urgent need of reinforce-
ments for all the Confederate armies.
The table below gives the number of organizations
in Class C, first appearing in the War Records in each
month from June, 1862, to October, 1863, and their
terms of service, reckoned from the same month to the
end of the war : —
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
57
Month
a
1862
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1863
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
9
n
17
6
13
13
15
16
6
9
n
9
0
9
1
9
7
185
o
1
2
7
6
10
6
6
14
16
6
6
3
9
13
5
7
132
Term of Service
35 raonths
35 months
34 mouths
34 months
33 months
33 months
32 months
32 months
31 months
31 months
30 months
30 raonths
29 months
29 months
equal to 315
equal to u5
equal to 578
equal to 119
equal to 561
equal to 99
equal to 192
equal to 160
equal to 403
equal to 93
equal to 390
equal to 90
equal to 435
equal to 105
regiments
reginients
regiments
regiments
regiments
regiments
regiments
regiments
regime nt~s
regiments
regiments
regiments
regiments
regiments
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
for 1
month
month
nionth
mouth
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
luonth
month
28 months equal to 448
28 months equal to 224
27 months equal to 162
27 months equal to 81
'26 months equal to 234
26 months equal to 78
25 months equal to 425
25 months equal to 100
24 months equal to 216
24 months equal to 96
23 months equal to 138
23 months equal to 34.
22 months equal to 198
22 months equal to 99
21 months ecjual to 147
21 months equal to 136
20 months equal to ISO
20 months equal to 50
19 months equal to 133
19 months equal to 66
regiments for
regiments for
reginients for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
reginients for
I regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
.5 regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
regiments for
.5 regiments for
1 month
1 month
1 nionth
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 month
1 mouth
1 month
1 mouth
36)69,196(192 or 192 regts. for 3 yis
The remainder of the artiUery in Colonel Fox s list
equals 11 regiments, which with term of service pro-
portionate to that of the organizations in the above h t
Luld equal 8 regiments for three years, and would
bring the total number to 200 regiments, equal, at 9 a
per regiment, to 194,200.
58 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
TEEM OF SERVICE OF RECRUITS.
The report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of
Conscription,' before referred to, shows that, east of
the Mississippi, between Aj^ril IG, 1862, and February,
1865, 81,993 had been enrolled by conscription ; and
he estimated that 72,292 had, during the same period,
joined regiments in the field to avoid conscription,
stating, however, that he believed this estimate to be
much too small. In view of the strenuous exertions of
the Confederate authorities to enforce universal con-
scription, which have been detailed above," it is safe to
assume that the average date of enlistment of these
154,285 men was not later than midway between April
16, 1862, the date of the first conscript act, and April
30, 1864, when the Superintendent of the Bureau of
Conscription reported the exhaustive measures which
had been employed to gather in all the able-bodied men
between 18 and 45.^ This would give an average
term of service of 24 months for these recruits. It
remains to fix the term of service of the remainder of
the recruits.
Adopting the largest estimate above of the total
number of men regularly enrolled in the Con-
federate armies 1,307,460 *
And deducting the estimated original number of the
ascertained organizations 824,379 '
We have as the number of recruits and organiza-
tions not ascertained 483,081
Deducting recruits reported 154,285 '
Leaves 328,796
* Ante, p. 35. ' Pages 11 et seq.
* M. and D., Part III. 122 ; 129 W. R. 354.
* Ante, p. 39. « Ante, p. 34. • Ante, p. 35.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 59
Adopting the smaller estimate of 1,129,170^ for the
total number of men regularly enrolled would reduce
the number of recruits and men, in organizations not
ascertained, to about 150,000, but the mean between
the two estimates above mentioned is 1,218,315 ; and
this is so near 1,141,000, above computed as the num-
ber who were subject by law to military duty,^ that to
adopt it cannot exaggerate numbers. This leaves the
remainder of 239,651 for recruits and organizations
not above ascertained.
In view of the fact that under the Conscript Act of
February, 1864, recruits were hurried to the ranks as
fast as possible for the spring campaign, it seems safe
to assume that the average term of service of all these
239,651 men was at least one year.
TERMS OF SERVICE OF MILITIA AND OTHER IRREGULAR
ORGANIZATIONS.
The acts of the Confederate Congress of August 2,
1861, and October 13, 1862, authorized the acceptance
of volunteers not within the conscript age (18 to 45),
for local defense and special service ; and the Confed-
erate commanders, as early as September, 1863, issued
orders to aid in the formation of companies, battalions,
and regiments of these volunteers.^
The number of these troops has been estimated
above (page 36) at 98,720. Their terms of service
cannot be ascertained with exactness. The following
facts from the War Records aid in making an esti-
mate : —
' Ante, p. 39. » Ante, p. 22.
» 33 W. R., 996.
60 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Alabama. August, 1862, the governor of Alabama was reported
to be about to order out militia."-
Arkansas. August 10, 1863, the governor and General E. Kirby
Smith arranged to raise a volunteer force under State gen-
erals.*
Florida. In June, July, and November, 1863, 5 special battalions
from this State were in service."^ June 8, 1864, the reserves
in service were incorporated in the 11th Florida Volunteers.''
Georgia. August, 1863, the governor called out 8000 men for
State defense.'
Louisiana. The Ninth Brigade was called into service May,
1862./ The Fifth Brigade was called into service June,
1862.9 The Tenth Brigade was called into service July 20,
1862.* The Eleventh Brigade was called into service Decem-
ber, 29, 1862.' Certain militia were disbanded September
30, 1862.J One half of the mihtia of North, South, and
East Louisiana were ordered into service February 25, 1863.'-'
May 7, 1863, General Magruder requested the governor to
call out 10,500 mUitia.'
Mississippi. August 11, 1862, the governor of Mississippi was
reported to have ordered out 2000 militia." March 17, 1864,
Gholson's Brigade of State Troops was turned over to the Con-
federate service."
North Carolina. The Junior Reserves enlisted from April to June,
1864."
South Carolina, January 15, 1863, 8 regiments of reserves were
in service." April 30, 1864, the reserves were called out,
against the governor's protest, by the Confederate authorities.'
June 29, 1864, all between 18 and 45 in 8 regiments of reserves
were ordered to other regiments.''
Texas. August 15, 1863, the State Troops were being organized.'
December 4, 1863, an act of legislature extended the terms
of 8000 State Troops from 6 months to 12 months.' December
»Vol. 25, p. 682. !■ Vol. 33, p. 962. « Vol. 47, pp. 172, 248, 469. ^ Vol. 66,
p. 52.5. ' Vol. 47, pp. 307, 313. / Vol. 21, pp. 742, 756, 759. c Vol. 21, pp.
755-767. * Vol. 21, p. 784. * Vol. 21, p. 914. J Vol. 21, p. 819. * Vol. 21, p.
991. ' Vol. 21, p. 1079. " Vol. 25, p. 677. " Vol. 59, pp. 650, 652. " Moore's
North Carolina Roster. P Vol. 20, p. 750. « Vol. 66, pp. 456, 519, 520, 535,
539. ' Vol. 65, pp. 623-635. • Vol. 42, p. 170. < Vol. 42, p. 528.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 61
6, 1863, General Magrnder required the governor to provide for
continuance in service of the State Troops to the close of the
war, and to organize all men from 16 to 70 years, not already
in service." December, 1863, 3 regiments and 5 battalions
State Troops were incorporated into the army for 6 months."
Virginia. June, 1861, Virginia militia were in service in Shenan-
doah VaUey." April, 1862, 3 regiments militia were in ser-
vice at Williamsburg.* November, 1862, 3 regiments State ,
line were in service." June 10, 1863, 8000 militia were called
to be mustered into service August 1, 1863.' March, 1864, 6
battalions of local defense regiments were in service."
« Vol. 42, p. Am. » Vol. 42, pp. 497, 514. ■» 2 W. R., 473. * Vol. 14, p.
481. y Vol. 29, p. 33. ' Vol. 45, pp. 883, 884. " Vol. 60, pp. 9, 130.
The citations previously made show that after 1862
the Confederate authorities were in such great need of
troops that it is not probable that many of the men who
took up arms in 1863 were allowed to lay them down
again excejjt for physical disability, and it seems safe to
assume that the average term of service of the militia
and other irregular organizations was at least sixteen
months.
SUMMARY OF CONFEDERATE LEVIES REDUCED TO A
THREE years' TERM OF SERVICE.
July, 1861 . . 112,040 <■ for 47 months = 146.274 for 3 yrs.
January, 1862 . 239,378 " for 42 months = 279,274 for 3 yrs.
Before June, 1862, 226,327 < for 37 J months = 235,757 for 3 yrs.
After May, 1862 <* 194,200 for 3 yrs.
Recruits reported, 154,285 ' for 2 years = 102,856 for 3 yrs.
Recruits not reported and
regular organizations not
included above 239.651/ for 1 year = 79,883 for 3 yrs.
Militia, etc. . . 98,720 i' for 16 months = 43,875 for 3 yrs.
1,082,119 for 3 yrs.
■■ Page 53. ' Page 53. « Page 56. <* Page 57. « Page 35. / Page 59.
n Pages 59, 61.
62 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
This total of 1,082,119 men for three years in the
Confederate service is 70 per cent, of the total of
1,556,678 for three years in the Union service as above
computed,- but the average strengtli of the Confederate
armies as above computed from the available retui-ns is
only 55 per cent, of the computed average strength of
the Union armies.' The absence of some, and the in-
completeness of some, of the Confederate returns, and
the omission of some of the irregular organizations,
probably cause a part of the discrepancy. The avei^
ages of the Union armies ought probably to be dimin-
ished for terms of service of large numbers of men
which were shorter than those assumed in the compu-
tation. The 186,751 ' men on the rolls in July, 1861,
assumed to have served three months, embraced nearly
if not quite all the 91,816^ three mouths' men whose
term of service expired in July and August. The
returns of January, 1863, included 87,588'- nine months'
men assumed to have served for the next six mouths,
who in fact served somewhat less; and a part of
the 575,917 ' men on the returns for January, 1862,
assumed to have served nine months in computing the
first two averages, did not enter the field in time to
have served that time. If the per cent, of mortality in
the Confederate army was, as seems probable, greater
than that in the Union army, this, if it could be taken
into account, would enlarge the average strength of the
former in the computation.'
In comparing the actual performance in the field of
the troops on the two sides, a mere statement of the
numbers enrolled and the terms of service are not all
» Page 47. » Ante, p. 50. ' Page 47.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 63
that should be considered. The irregular organizations
included in the foregoing estimate of the Confederate
troops ' were probably of little value for active opera-
tions in the field. The same is true of the " emergency '
men," and perhaps some of the other short-term troops
in the Union army. Again, on the Union side, 00,000 -
men of the Veteran Reserve Corps were not available
for service in the field; and the enhstment of 300,000
men was so near the close of the war that many did not
see active service, and the records show that over 250
reariments never went into action.^
O
SUMMARY OF FOREGOING CALCULATIONS.
Number of enlistments in Union army 2,898,304
Number of men in Confederate army, estimated from
the census 1,239,000
Number of enlistments in Confederate army, estimated
from the number of organizations and their total
average strength, between .... 1,227,890 and 1,406,180
Number of men serving three years, equivalent to the
number enlisted in Union army, serving their actual
terms 1,556,678
Number of men serving three years, equivalent to the
number enlisted in Confederate army, serving their
actual terms 1,082,119
The Records show that 385,245 were killed and
wounded in the Union army,* while it has been
gathered from the official reports, and, in their absence,
from Confederate estimates of the loss in each engage-
ment, that 94,000 were killed or mortally wounded in
the Confederate army, which, in the usual ratio of 1 to
2.5, would indicate a total loss in killed and wounded of
• Ante, p. 61. '' M. and D., Part III. 93.
• Reg. Losses, 467 et seq. * Reg. Losses, 47.
64 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
329,000.' Table B - below sbows more men hit on the
Confederate than on the Union side in 48 battles, in
which over 46 per cent, of the Union loss occurred.
Taken alone, the ratio between losses warrants no de-
duction of the ratio between numbers. An army infe-
rior in numbers, other conditions being equal, may lose
as many men as a larger one opposing it, by keeping its
individuals longer under fire. Without the bravery
and resolution to do this to an extraordinary extent, the
Confederates could not have prolonged the civil war for
four years, and, by so many battles, against the superior
numbers of the Union army. But if the average ratio
between the per cent, of loss on one side and the per
cent, of loss on the other side could be ascertained, this
ratio, applied to the known number in the Union army,
and total losses on both sides, would give a result
which ought not to greatly vary from the total number
in the Confederate army. In the endeavor to estab-
lish this ratio, the writer has gathered the number
engaged and the number killed and wounded in each
battle in which 1000 or more were hit on either side,
as below stated in detail and assembled in Tables A
and B.^ For 15 of these battles the Official Records
give the losses in the Union armies only, but for the
other 48 they give numbers and losses on both sides,
excepting a few instances where the writer has taken
them from gfood authorities.^ These battles extend in
» Reg. Losses, 554, 22. » Pages 140-145.
' Doubtless the returns for some battles include some as missing
who were killed or wounded, — notably those for the Seven Days'
Battles, Chancellorsville, and Chickamauga on the Union side, and
Shiloli, Stone's River, and Perrysville on the Confederate side.
The Tables, pages 77-139, include the number reported as missing.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 65
time to every year of the war, and in place to all parts
of the contested territory, and the forces engaged in
them include every army of importance on either side.
It is shown in Table B that, in the 48 battles on the
Union side, the aggregate of the numbers engaged was
1,580,047, and the number hit was 176,557, and that
on the Confederate side the aggregate of the num-
bers engaged was 1,242,748, and the number hit was
187,127. From this it appears that for an average
number of 111.74 hit in 1000 on the Union side, there
were 150.57 hit in 1000 on the Confederate side, but
the greatest number were hit on the Union side, during
the war, and it may be assumed that the ratio between
these averages would not increase if extended to all
battles. The total number of 385,245 hit in the Union
army equals 247.48 per 1000 of 1,556,678, which, as
has been above demonstrated,^ would be the number of
men serving for three years, equivalent to the number
of men in the Union army serving for their actual terms.
Using these figures with 329,000 for the total number
hit in the Confederate army, in the following formula,
111.74 : 150.57 : : 247.48 : 333.48
329,000 H- 333.48 X 1000 = 986,565
a result is obtained which may be assumed to be
within the number of men serving for three years, equi-
valent to the number of men in the Confederate army
serving for their actual terms. Previous calculations'
have indicated the former number to be 1,082,119.
Including the 15 battles above mentioned, for which
the Records give the losses in the Union army only, the
aggregate of the numbers engaged on the Union side
' Page 50. * Page 61.
66 NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CITJL WAR
was 2,331,595, and the losses were 247,596, or 106.19
per 1000. As the Confederates were on the defensive,
in earthworks in the most of these battles, it is proba-
ble that if their nuiubers and losses iu these battles
could be used, they would tend to increase the number
obtained as the result in the above formula. On the
other hand, it is possible that the total of 329,000 for
the Confederate killed and wounded is too large, be-
cause the ratio of 2.5 wounded to 1 killed or mortally
wounded, which prevailed in the Union army, may be
too large for the Confederate army, in which insuffi-
cient surgical attendance and hospital supplies and
inadequate hospitals may have caused a greater mortal-
ity among the wounded.
A considerable number of the Union regiments never
went under fire, and, as substantially all the Confeder-
ate regiments were in battle, this disparity to some
extent would exaggerate the result of the above for-
mula ; but as the terms of service of these Union regi-
ments were short, they would represent but a small
number serving for three years, and therefore would
not greatly enlarge the result.
METHOD OF ASCERTAINING THE NUMBERS ENGAGED.
The Records, apparently following the reports and
returns of the commanders, give the numbers in the
different campaigns and battles variously as " present
for duty," " present for duty equipped," or " effec-
tive." Sometimes the last-named class excludes on
both sides the non-combatants, and on the Confederate
side the officers and even artillery and cavalry ; and, in
the effort to number only the men bearing muskets in
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 67
the firing-line, tbe stragglers, even those who have left
the ranks on the field of battle, are sometimes excluded
in reports of battles. (See Circular, 35 W. R., 619.)
This practice of counting as efi'ective in the infantry-
only the men bearing muskets in the firing-fine is of
great value for informing commanders what weight of
fire they can deliver, and the state of discipline in the
ranks ; but it cannot be followed in ascertaining num-
bers for comparison between the two sides in the civil
war, or between the numbers in battles of that war and
other wars, because the published accounts of the Union
army, and of armies in other wars, do not usually state
numbers on this basis. Officers, artillery, and cavalry
are assuredly essential parts of the effective force of
an army, and the efficiency of an army is certainly to
be gauged quite as well by the number of combatants
who fail to join in battle as by the valor of those who
come into the firing-line. On the other hand, it is rea-
sonable to exclude non-combatants from those counted
as effective for battle. In both the Union and Confed-
erate armies, the members of the regimental, medical,
and quartermaster's departments, and the musicians,
were non-combatants, and few of them were ever pre-
sent in the firing-line, for even the drummers and fifers
were usually employed in caring for the wounded;
and these non-combatants, although essential to success-
ful campaigns, cannot be said to have had any influence
in the decision of battles in the civil war.
In the Union army a regiment of infantry 1050
strong regularly had about 70 non-combatants,' and too
> Staff, 10 ; company musicians, 20 ; band, wagoners, and men
detailed for duty at headquarters and in quartermaster's and medi-
cal departments, 40.
68 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
often men employed as company clerks and officers' ser-
vants were kept out of battle. Sickness and other casu-
alties began reducing the ranks as soon as a regiment
went into camp, and probably not one ever reached a
battlefield with full ranks. The average resrimental
strength "present for duty," in the Union army, was
about 5G0 at Shiloh,' and 650 at Fair Oaks," in the
spring of 1862 ; 530 at Chancellorsville ^ in May, 375 at
Gettysburg* in July, and 440 at Chickamauga'^ in Sep-
tember, 1863 ; 440 at the Wilderness," and 305 in Sher-
man's army" in May, 1864. Naturally the number of
non-combatants in the regiments of these armies had
not been reduced in the same proportion by casualties ;
and, although their number was reduced in the interest
of economy as the strength of the regiments diminished,
yet there is no reason for conclutling that it was ever
less than seven per cent, of the total "present for duty"
in the infantry and artillery. Repeated instances are
found in the Records where the numbers given as
" effective " in infantry corps or divisions are from 89 to
93 per cent, of the number " present for duty," ^ while
in the cavalry the per cent, is often from 83 to 86.^
> 10 W. R., 100, 105, 112.
» 12 W. R., 757 et seq; 14 W. R., 204.
' 39 W. R., 156 et seq. ; 40 W. R. 320.
* 43 W. R., 151, 155, et seq.
" 50 W. R. 40 et seq., 169.
« 67 W. R., 19 et seq., 915.
' 72 AV. R., 89 et seq., 115 ; the number present for duty assumed
to be 107 per cent, of the " effectives."
' 31 W. R., 1121 ; 43 W. R., 152 ; 65 W. R., 12 ; 72 W. R.,
115 ; 75 W. R.. 373.
» 40 W. R., 320 ; 43 W. R., 152 ; 67 W. R., 198 ; 72 W. R., 115 ;
75 W. R., 373.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 69
The lower per cents, may be accounted for by the
deduction of men without arms in the infantry, and
of men without mounts in the cavalry. It is apparent
that the commanders of corps in the Union army did
not all follow the same classification in countinar the
numbers "present for duty equipped," or "effective;"
for in some returns these numbers are the same as, or
under one per cent, less than, the number " present for
duty," and sometimes they are stated as even greater.*
Although the Confederate returns bear evidence of hav-
ing computed the " effectives" more consistently, yet it
is apparent in some cases that a sufficient deduction is
not made for the non-combatants." In view of these
facts, the writer, adopting the number of effectives
given in the Official Records in the few cases where
they seem to be properly determined, or where the
number present for duty is not given, has in other
cases computed the number of effectives in the infantry
and artillery at 93 per cent., and in the cavalry at 85
per cent., of the number present for duty. In cases
where the number of effectives given in the Confederate
returns is used, an addition is made for officers if they
appear not to have been included. In this connection
it is to be observed that in the Union armies the num-
ber of officers ran from 4 to 7 per cent, of the total
^ For example, see Army of Potomac, 14 W. R., 238 ; Left Grand
Div., 31 W. R., 1121 ; several corps, 40 W. R., 320 ; 11th corps,
55 W. R., 13 ; 14th and 20th corps, 72 W. R., 115 ; 75 W. R., 373 ;
Cav. Div., 95 W. R., 61 ; 23d corps, Dist. of Etowah, 95 W. R.,
53, 54.
* For examples, see 23 W. R., 784; 91 W. R., 883.
70 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
present for duty,' while in the Confederate armies it
ran from 6^ to 11 per cent."
It will be found that the numbers given in the tables
below often differ from those commonly given, from the
fact that organizations which, although figuring in the
returns of the armies engaged were not in fact on the
field of battle, are here excluded. The same is true of
troops which, although on the field or within supporting
distance, were in such position that their presence could
not have had any effect on the opposing force. Atten-
tion is called to each omission of this kind in the tables.
COURAGE AND EFFICIENCY OF THE ARMIES
COMPARED.
The comparison of numbers and losses naturally leads
to the inquiry whether, on the whole, one side showed
martial capacity superior to that of the other ; and here
it must be recognized that other things beside mere
numbers and losses are to be taken into account.
To invade and hold a constantly increasing territory
required many more troops than would have been needed
in the Union army for actual fighting, and many North-
ern soldiers were employed in non-combatants' work,
such as was done by negroes for the Southern army.
1 W. R., vol. 2, p. 309 ; vol. 14. p. 184 ; vol. 28, p. 410 ; vol. 25,
p. 246 ; vol. 23, p. 564 ; vol. 31, p. 1121 ; vol. 30, p. 285 ; vol. 40,
p. 320 ; vol. 38, p. 249 ; vol. 43. p. 152 ; vol. 50, p. 169 ; vol. 55,
p. 13 ; vol. 61. p. 168 ; vol. 67, pp. 198, 915 ; vol. 96, p. 737 ; vol.
95, p. 61 ; vol. 75, p. 373 ; vol. 72, p. 117 ; vol. 91, p. 248 ; vol.
93, p. 53.
" W. R., vol. 2, p. 568 ; vol. 7, pp. 843. 855 ; vol. 80, pp. 10,
23, 93, 398, 678, 784; vol. 75, pp. 14, 645 ; vol. 87, pp. 28, 621 ;
vol. 81, pp. 28, 660 ; vol. 23, p. 784 ; vol. 31, p. 1057 ; vol. 29, p.
674 ; vol. 38, p. 702 ; vol. 83, pp. 40, 696 ; vol. 53, p. 519 ; vol. 84,
pp. 40, 8*7 ; vol. 91, p. 883.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 71
In physical resources, such as transportation, arms,
the munitions of war, food, clothing, and hospital sup-
plies, the South was at a great disadvantage. The
superiority of the North in these respects counter-
balanced many men.
With all these things taken into account, the long
and resolute contest maintained by the South, and their
many successes against superior numbers, must always
command admiration. The fact that their attitude was
mainly defensive is not enough alone to account for all
they achieved ; and careful study of the campaigns and
battles, with the statistics of losses, leads to the belief
not only that the Southern leaders were, at least up
to 1864, bolder in taking risks than their opponents,
but also that they pushed their forces under fire very
nearly to the limit of endurance. Such strategy as that
displayed by Jackson in the three campaigns of the
Chickahominy, the second Bull Run, and Chancellors-
ville, was matched on the Northern side only by Grant's
movements across the Mississippi and behind Vicksburg.
The more frequent ventures of the Confederate gener-
als may be attributed in part to the greater impetuosity
of the Southern temperament, and in part to the ever
present consciousness in the Union generals that they
were warring to preserve, and in the Confederate gen-
erals that they were warring to destroy, a government;
in the Union generals that they were defend 'jg railway
lines and cities of great wealth whose capture would
benefit the enemy as much as it would injure the cause
of the Union ; in the Cohrederate generals that to
defend their cities was not vital to their cause. But
good generals cannot fight ba' Jes as the Confederates
fought them without extraor'..aarily good soldiers.
72 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
In measuring the courage and efficiency of the line
of an army, it is not enough to consider the per cent,
of loss which it endures in a battle or series of battles.
The loss suffered in a rout is not a measure of courage.
It never can be proved that in winning victory an army
has been pressed to the limit of its endurance; and on the
other hand, while a rout may indicate that the limit of
courage has been reached, an army which is withdrawn
by the commanding general from a well-contested field,
if it retires at will and in good order, cannot be said
to have reached the limit of its endurance, although in
a general sense defeat is acknowledged by the act of
abandoning the field. The general who is responsible
may have been weak, or, being strong, may have, after
a fair trial for victory, elected to wait for another day
and another field. Tactical advantages, or the cover of
intrenchments on one side, may render courage unavail-
ing on the other side, and a line of the bravest men
may be swept away by the weight of superior numbers.
COMPAEISON OF SIMILAR BATTLES.
It is obvious that the conduct of armies should be
compared, where possible, in situations similar to each
other. This is attempted for the Union and Confed-
erate armies in what follows.
The Confederates, with a loss of 301 in 1000 at Get-
tysburg and 266 at Stone's River, may be compared
to the Union men in the eight days. May 5-12, in the
Wilderness and at Spottsylvanla, with a loss of 296 in
1000 infantry and artillery, or 263 in 1000 in all arras.
At Gettysburg the Confederates, having gained ground
during two days, were checked on the third, and then,
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 73
after delaying a day on the field, relinquished the fight
and left the field in the possession of their adversaries.
The history of the Confederates at Stone's River is almost
identically the same. In the Wilderness the Confeder-
ates defeated the attempt to turn their flank, but failed
to drive the Union army, which, after gaining ground,
transferred the conflict by another flanking march a few
miles to the south, and again took the offensive in a
series of attacks on the intrenchments of the Confeder-
ates at Spottsylvania. Although it carried a portion
of the works, it failed to carry the Confederate posi-
tion. Neither side gained a victory. The combats,
May 5-12, were, as far as testing the quality of the
men was concerned, in effect a continuous battle, and
may be fairly treated as such for the purpose of the
foregoing comparison. As the cavalry were absent
after the 8th of May and took no part in the infantry
combat, it seems proper to omit their numbers and losses
for this purpose.
The loss of 267 in 1000 suffered by the Union col-
umn in the assault on the works of Port Hudson,
June 14, entitles it to be compared with the attack-
ing armies in the three battles above mentioned ; but the
endurance of a small and homogeneous force like that
at Port Hudson does not give the same evidence of the
martial quality of the armies, as a whole, as is afforded
by their conduct in the great battles. There were re-
peated instances in the great battles Avhere a division or
corps, numbering as many as, or more than, the Union
force at Port Hudson or Olustee, endured a greater per
cent, of loss, as, for example, the loss at Gettysburg by
the Second Corps of 328 in 1000 of its 12,141 effec-
74 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
tives (43 W. R., 151, 177), and at Fredericksburg, by
Hancock's division of the same corps, of 360 in 1000
of its 500G effectives (31 W. R., 288, 130).
At Chiekamauga the Confederates, with a superior
force, routed a part of the Union army, and compelled
the rest to relinquish the field, although in good order
and moving or standing at will. The Confederate loss
was 259 in 1000. The attitude of the Union army at
Antietam was similar to that of the Confederates at
Chiekamauga ; but the Union commander allowed only
53,000 of his 75,000 to open fire, and, although they
gained ground at all points, he was content to stop the
attack with a loss of 219 per 1000 of these 53,000.
This is a conspicuous example of those cases where it
cannot be maintained that the victorious army exhausted
its courage.
Shiloh, on the Confederate side, had no exact parallel
on the Union side. Successful on the first day against
inferior numbers, it was driven from the field by superior
numbers on the second, after a loss of 241 in 1000. The
Union army at Olustee gave up the attack and abandoned
the field after a loss of 265 per 1000 ; but, as has been
before suggested, a comparison is not just between a
small force like that at Olustee and an army as large as
the Confederate force at Shiloh.
For further comparison of losses under similar con-
ditions, the 63 battles of Table B may be classified as
follows, although discrimination must be made between
those which are styled defeats, because some are ranged
under this head merely because the field was abandoned ;
when considered tactically, the retreating army was
successful in the battle itself.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 75
ASSAULTS ON FORTIFIED LINES.
SUCCESSES '
PAKTIAL 80CCBSSES'
Union loas per 1000
Union loss per 1000
Winchester
Chattanooga
Petersburg, April 2 . . . .
Jonesborough, September 1 .
Nashville
Arkansas Post ^ . . . . .
. 124
. 97
. 60
. 57
. 56
. 36
Chaffin's Farm
Petersburg, June 16-18 . .
Fort Donelson ^
SpottsyWania, May 12 . . .
Deep Bottom
. 137
. 128
. 96
. 96
. 78
Union loss per 1000
Port Hudson, June 14 .... 267
Fort Wagner 214
Port Hudson, May 27 .... 141
The Mine 138
Kenesaw Mountain 123
Cold Harbor Ill
Spottsylvania, May 10 .... 108
Fredericksburg 103
Vicksburg, May 22 67
Chickasaw Bayon 39
Confederate loss per 1000
Adanta, July 28 222
Franklin 206
AUanta, July 22 190
Peach Tree Creek 133
Corinth 112
Mechanicsrille 91
Bentonville 89
Jonesborough, August 31 . . . 72
Union loss per 1000
Olnstee 265
Cedar Mountain ^ 219
Chickamauga 196
Wilson's Creek * 175
Drewry's BlufF 175
Manassas and Chantilly . . , 132
Chancellorsville 114
Pleasant Hill 78
Confederate loss per 1000
Gettysbnig 301
Stone's River 266
Shiloh 241
Antietam 226
Tupelo 201
Perryville 196
Fair Oaks 137
South Mountain 105
Prairie Grove 98
Weldon R. R 81
Pea Ridge 43
Arkansas Post^ 24
' Although the Confederates did not take and hold fortiSed lines in any of
the battles of Table A, note should be made of Harper's Ferry, where, altliough
the loss in killed and wounded did not amount to 1000 on either side, 1M,000
Union troops were surrendered. On the other side, note should be made of
Five Forks, where 5(X)0 to 6000 Confederates were taken.
^ The defeated army was greatly outnumbered.
® Under this head the assault only is referred to.
* The defeat is to be attributed to the rawness of the troops.
76 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Union loaa
per
1000
Confederate lou per 1000
Richmond
Ky. .
iU'. .
•
,
. 101
. 117
. 62
Winchester ' . .
Cedar Creek ' . .
. . . .
. 128
. 101
Bull Run ■'
Petersburg, April 2
NaahvUle ....
unknown
VICTORIES
Union loss per 1000
Stone's River 223
Gettysburg 200
Shilob 162
Autietain \->h
Cedar Creek 132
Wineliester 124
Fair Oaks 105
Pea Ridge 10.5
Corinth 104
Perryville 100
Pr.airie Grove 99
Chattanooga 97
Peach Tree Creek 79
Champion Hill 76
South Mountain 68
Atlanta, July 22 65
Weldon R. R 64
Bentonville 58
Dinwiddie 48
Tupelo 45
Atlanta, July 28 42
Arkansas Post 36
Jonesborough, August 31 . . . 13
Confederate loea per 1000
Chickamauga 259
Chancellorsville 187
Manassas and Chantilly . . . 187
Olustee 180
Drewry's Bluff 158
Gaines's Mill 153
Wilson's Creek 100'
Fort Wagner 95
Cedar Mountain 79
Pleasant Hill 70
Richmond, Ky 66
Fredericksburg 64
BuU Run 61
Port Hudson, May 27 ... . 66
Kenesaw Mountain 15
Mine Run' 16
Chickasaw Bayou 14
Port Hudson, June 14 ... . 13
' The defeated army was greatly outnumbered.
^ The defeat is to be attributed to the rawness of the troops.
' The Union army, failing in its manceuvre to flank its adversary, withdrew
without offering battle. Its main loss occurred in repelling a Confederate
attack.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN TEE CIVIL WAR 77
BATTLES FOUGHT TO COVER A PBEASBAK6ED MOVEMKNT, PUBSUINO WHICH
THE AKMT BETIBED AFTBB EEPELLING ATTACK
Union loss per 1000
Peach Orchard to Malvem Hilll 60
Franklin 40
MechanicsvUle 16
Conlederate loss per 1000
Williamsburg 49
The foregoing comparisons do not give ground on
■which to award the display of superior courage or stead-
fastness to the armies as a whole on either side. The
record on both sides places the people of the United
States in the first rank of militant nations.
BULL KUN, JULY 21, 1861.
CSION ABUT.
Present for duty, ex. Runyon's division, and including
Blenker's brigade 30,5&4<'
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 28,452
KUled, 481. Wounded, 1011. Total, 1492. Missing, 1216."
Hit in 1000, 52. Hit by 1000, 70.=
CONFEDERATE ABMT.
Army of the Potomac, effectives (including oflBcers) . 21,883 "
Army of the Shenandoah, effectives (probably in-
cluding officers) 8,884 **
Holmes's brigade, effectives (officers and artillery
estimated at 200) 1,465 '
Total engaged 32,232
KiUed, 387. Wounded, 1582. Total, 1969. Missing, 12./
Hit in 1000, 61. Hit by 1000, 46.
" 2 W. R., 304, 309. >> 2 W. R., 327. ' 2 W. R., 487, 568. <* 2 W. R., 187,
487, 569. « 2 W. R., 487. / 2 W. R., 570.
' The Confederate loss was 99 in lOOO.
= The number hit by 1000 is given in this and the following tables as one
measure of courage and efficiency. See Preface to Second Edition, ante.
78 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Wilson's ckeek, mo., august lo, I8GI.
UNION ARMT.
Lyon's command, about • 5,400 "
Killed, 223. Wounded, 721. Total, 944. Missing, 291.»
Hit in 1000, 175. Hit by 1000, 214.
CONFEDERATE ARMT.
McCullocb's command, e£Pectives, about * 11,600'
Killed, 257. Wounded, 900. Total, 1157.» Missing, 27."
Hit in 1000, 100. Hit by 1000, 81.
" 3 W. R., 60, 86. » 3 W. R., 72. <: 3 W. R., 104. ^ 3 W. R., 101, 126.
FORT DONELSON, FEBRUAET 12-16, 1862.
UNION ARHT.
In the lines and guarding the road to the left . . . 27,000 <>
Killed, 500. Wounded, 2108. Total, 2608. Missing, 224."
Hit in 1000, 96. Hit by 1000, 74.
CONFEDERATE ARMT.
Engaged* about « 21,000"
Killed and wounded, 2000.'' Missing, 14,623.'
Hit in 1000, 95. Hit by 1000, 124.
" 1 Grant's Memoirs, 315. ' 7 W. R., 169. ' 1 Grant's Memoirs, 315.
<< 7 W. R., 291 1 1 Grants Memoirs, 314.
' It is not clear whather this is the number present for duty }r effective.
SigeFs artillery numbered 120, and his two companies of cavalry about 125
(see 3 W. R., 48). General Fremont's dispatch of August 13, placing tlie force
at 8000, assumed the presence of 2000 Home Guards, when in fact they num-
bered only 200 (3 W. R., rA, 65).
' It is not clear whether officers are included. The artillery is estimated at
300.
' General McCnlloch's report, giving 257 killed and 800 wounded, is cor-
rected above by the reports of his subordinates.
* General Pillow reported that he had " only about 13,000 troops all told "
(7 W. R., 2Sii), but 16,62;? were killed, wounded, and captured, and at least
2000 more escaped (7 W. R., 275, 295). The records show that there wer«
present for duty in Buckner's division, 4481, ,Ianuary 31 ; in Tilghman's, 3830,
' There are no data for determining whether these are the numbers " present
for duty," or " present for duty equipped," or " e6fective."
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 79
PEA BIDGE, AKK., MAKCH 7, 1862.
CMION ABUT.
Army of the Southwest, about ' 11,250 »
Killed, 203 ; wounded, 980. Total IISS.' Missing, 201."
Hit in 1000, 105. Hit by 1000, 53.
CONFEDEBATE ABKY.
Van Dom's command, about ' 14,000 '
Killed and wounded, about GOO.-' Missing, 200.-^
Hit in 1000, 43. Hit by 1000, 84.
« 8 W. R., 196, 554. '8 W. B. 206. <= 8 W. R., 285.
8HIL0H, APRIL 6, 7, 1862.
UiaON ABHT.
Army of the Tennessee, e£Eective*» ' 42,682 "
Army of the Ohio, 2d, 4th, and 5th divisions . . . ♦20,000"
Total engaged 62,682
KiUed, 1754. Wounded, 8408. Total, 10,162. Missing, 2885.=
Hit in 1000, 162. Hit by 1000, 155.
<■ 10 W. E., 112. » 1 Grant's Memoirs, 366; 1 Van Home, 112, 115; 10
W. R., 325. " 10 W. R., lOS.
January 21 ; and in Floyd's brigade, 1286, after the battle (7 W. R., 327, 853,
366, 843, 275), and that Johnson's division of 15 regiments was present (7 W. R.,
359), which at the average strength of regiments at that time numbered at
least 7500, besides the cavalry (7 W. R., 383). The .30th Mississippi regiment,
of Floyd's brigade, had lost 532 in the battle (7 W. R., 380). This gives a
total of at least 17,530. In view of these figures, and in the absence of de-
tailed returns to support General Pillow's estimate, it is probably safe to adopt
the number 2 1 ,(JOO given by General Grant.
' This apparently was the " effective " force, the artillery being estimated at
1000, and Major Conrad's detachment of 250 deducted.
^ This probably was the effective force.
8 Estimated at 93 per cent, of 44,895 present for duty, plus 1000 for 2
regiments and 1 battery, which, according to the note of the compiler of the
returns (10 W. R., 112), are not included in 5463 given for the 6th division.
* The numbers given in the authorities cited are adopt«d in the absence of
returns. The April returns do not serve, because the composition of the divi-
sions named in thera differed from tl«vt of April 7. The 6th division is here
excluded, because no part of it got within reach of the Confederates, or arrived
until after the retreat was general (10 W. R., 378, 380).
80 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
CONPEDEBATE ARHT.
Effectives UO.SSS"*
Killed, 1723. "Wounded, 8012. Total, 9735. Missing, 959 «
Hit in 1000, 241. Hit by 1000, 252.
■* 10 W. R., 396. « 10 W. R., 395.
WILLIAMSBURG, MAT 4, 5, 1862.
0MION AKMT.
" Effective strength," estimated at 93 per cent, of the
number " present for duty," which is assumed to be
If of the number present for duty in 3d and 4th
corps* '40,768"
Killed, 456. Wounded, 1410. Total, 1866. Missing, 373."
Hit in 1000, 45. Hit by 1000, 39.
CONFEDERATE ABKT.
Effective strength," May 21, 1862, of the divisions of
Longstreet and Hill, and the brigades of McLaws,
Kershaw, and Stuart * 30,120 "=
Add loss May 4, 5 1,703
Total engaged 31,823
" 12 W. R., 281-283, 456, 496, 521, 525, 559, 563 ; 14 W. R., 130. ' 12 W. R.,
460. ' 12 W. R., 566, .566, 442, 572, 602, 603 ; 14 W. R., 530, 531.
1 It is aasnroed that from the " effective total " of the field return, the 4 regi-
ments, 2 battaliona, and 1 battery which were ordered to guard Corinth are
excluded (10 W. R., .^9, 399, note) ; adding to the return of June 30 (10 W. R.,
399), of 39,598 present for duty, 2262 for the ,3d corps, and 2373 for the
cavalry, as shown in the field return above cited, a total of 44,2.3;^ is reached ;
93 per cent- of this number would give 41,136 as against the 40,336 above
adopted as the effectives.
" 54 of the 85 regiments in the 3d and 4th corps were present, but only 35
suffered loss.
' That this was only the " effective " strength is shown at 14 W. R., 479 et seq.
Comparison with pp. 460, 5,30, et seq., shows that the numbers given pp. 479
et seq. apply to a later date than April .30.
* Apparently this number ought to be increased for the cavalry of Wise's and
Hampton's legions (12 W. R., 445), numbering perhaps about 700. (See Hamp-
ton's Legion, 14 W. R., 4S3.)
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 81
Killed and wounded, 1570.' Missing, 133."
Hit in 1000, 49. Hit by 1000, 59.
•* 12 W. R., 443, 668, 569.
FAm OAKS, MAT 31, JUNE 1, 1862.
UKION ASMT.
2d, 3d, and 4th corps present for duty May 31 . . 51,543 "
Deduct 3d corps cavalry, 751, and 8 regiments and 5
batteries, estimated at 5848, not engaged .... 6,599 '
44,944
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 41,797
Killed, 790. Wounded, 3594. Total, 4384. Missing, 647.=
Hit in 1000, 105. Hit by 1000, 137.
CONFEDERATE ABUT.
Effective strength of Smith's, Longstreet's, and HUl's
divisions, May 21 '35,559''
Effective strength of Hugcr's division (3 brigades),
estimated" 6,257 «
Total effective 41,816
KiUed, 980. Wounded, 4749. Total, 5729. Missing, 405. ^
Hit in 1000, 137. Hit by 1000, 105,
» 14 W. R., 204. ' 14 W. R., 238 ; 12 W. R., 759-761. <= 12 W. R., 762.
" 12 W. R., 9.33-935; 14 W. R., 530, .531. ' 12 W. R., 933-935, 940; 14
W. R., 570, 555. / Reg. Losses, 549 ; 12 W. R., 942, 991.
^ A few casualties occnrred in Stnart^s brigade, which are not included, as
their nnmber is not stated (12 W. R., 572).
^ That this was " effective " strength, see 14 W. R., 479-483.
' Estimated, proportionately to the nnmbei of brigades, to be equal to ^ of
the other three divisions.
82 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
MECHANICSVILLE, JXINE 26, 1862.
UNION AEMT.
Present for duty June 20, in 3d division, 5th corps . 9,514 «
Present for duty June 20, in Ist and 2d brigade, 1st
division, 5th corps ' 6,844 ""
Present for duty June 20, in 6 batteries, estimated at . 450
16,808
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 15,631
KiUed, 49. AVounded, 207. Total, 256. Missing, 105."
Hit in 1000, 16. Hit by 1000, 95.
OONFEDEBATE ARMT.
' A. P. Hill's division 14,000'^
Ripley's brigade 2,356 **
Effectives, June 26 16,356
Killed and wounded, 1484.' '
Hit in 1000, 91. Hit by 1000, 16.
° 14 W. R., 238 ; 13 W. R., 30, 222, 237. * 13 W. R., 39. <^ 13 W. R.,
835. " 13 W. R., 835, 650. « 13 W. R., 982, 983.
GAINES'S MILL, JUNE 27, 1862.
UNION ARMT.
Present for duty June 20, in 5th corps,' Slocum's
division and Cooke's cavalry * 39,295 "
Deduct 671 cavalry, 17th Xew York and 18th Massa-
chusette (1473),' and loss June 26 (361) . . . 2.505 "
Total present for duty, June 27 • 36,790
« 13 W. R., 36, 41 ; 14 W. B., 238. » 13 W. R., 39.
1 Estimated at -^ of the strength of the division, — 18th Massachusetts de-
tached.
" 400 estimated as the loss in G. B. Anderson's hrijfade, and 7 re^ments and
1 hattalion of Field's, Urancira, and Pender's brigades. This estimate exceeds
ty about 100 that which ia adopted by Fox (Reg. Losses, 6.10 note), and it is
witli liesitation that it is used as against an authority whose figures are so well
considered.
' Including McCall's division.
' Estimated proportionately to the squadrons at j j of the cavalry division.
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at j^j of the r)th corps.
• French's and Meagher's brigades not included, as they arrived after the
battle was decided.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 83
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 34,214
Killed, 894. Wounded, 3107. Totol, 4001. Missing, 2836.'
Hit in 1000, 117. Hit by 1000, 256.
CONTEDEKATE ABMT.
Present for duty July 20,' in Longstreet's," A. P.
Hill's,' D. H. Hill's, and Whiting's divisions . . * 32,598 <»
Deduct Wise's brigade (about 1300j, leaving present
for duty July 20 31,298 '
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 29,107
Add losses in above forces, June 28 to July 1 . . . ' 11,921-''
Winder's brigade, June 10, and Lawton's brigade,
June 27 4,945 1'
Swell's division, and Jones and Fulkerson's brigades
of Jackson's division, estimated ° at 11,045
Total effectives, June 27 ' 57,018
Killed and wounded, 8751.
Hit in 1000, 153. Hit by 1000, 70.*
' 1.3 W. R., 41. <« 14 W. R., 645. ' 14 W. R., 604; 1.3 W. R., 916.
/ 13 W. R., 973 et geq. » 1-5 W. R., 742 ; 13 W. R., .595. * Reg. Losses, 5.50
note ; 13 W. R., 608, 616, 97.3, et seq.
1 The number present for dnty was 73.5 per cent, of the aggregate present,
as against ^ to 87 per cent, at later periods, which suggests the possibility that
the proportion present for dnty was aboTe 73.5 per cent. Jnne 27.
* The 16th Mississippi in this division Jnly 20 was in Ewell's Jnne 25 (14
W. R., 649 ; 13 W. R., 4S4).
' The gain of 2 Virginia heavy artillery is assmned to equal the loss of 2
A rkansaa and 22 Virginia battalions in this division.
* It is not certain that the artillery is inclnded here. (See G. O., No. 71 ; 14
W. R., 612.)
* This number is reached by deducting from the total loss in the seven days
14S4 for the loss .June 26, of which 400 is estimated for G. B. Anderson's
brigade, and 7 regiments and 1 battalion of Field's, Branch's, and Pender's
brigades, for which commands there is no report of loss separated from that in
the other actions.
* Estimated at 470 per regiment, the average per regiment of the 42,803
above ascertained for Jnne 27.
^ Statements of numbers in the commands above named, together with
losses prior to Jone 27, are found in reports and dispatches as follows : —
84 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
PEACH ORCHARD, SAVAGE STATION, JUNE 29, 1862.
WUITE OAK SWAMP, GLENDALE, JUNE 30, 1802.
MALVEKN HILL, JULY 1, 1862.
TNION AKHT.
Army of Potomac, present for duty June 20 . 115,102 "
Deduct general staff, escort, engineers, provost
guard, quartermaster's guard, and Dix's
command 12,920
Deduct Casey's and Stoneman's commands * . 4,150 17,070 >>
98,032
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent.' . . . 91,169
Deduct losses June 25-28 7,824'
Total engaged 83,345
« 14 W. R., 230. " 13 W. R., 298, 330, 482. ' 13 W. R., 37-41.
April 16, Ewell's division, 8000, loss May 23, June 9, 1175 ; leav-
ing June 10 1 6,825
May 3, Jones aud Fulkerson's brigades, 4716; loases. May 8, June
9, 1S9 ; leaving June 10 2 4,827
May 21, Hood's and Law's brigades, 4320 ; losses, May 31, 357 ;
leaving June 1 » 3,963
June 2, Hampton's legion, 219 ; leaving June 2 * 219
June 10, Winder's brigade, 1122; leaving June 10 '1,122
June 27, D. H. Hill's division (10,000), and brigades of Lawton
(.T500). Kemper (1433), Pickett (1481), Wilcox (1850),
Pryor (1400) ; leaving June 27 8 19,664
June 25, A. P. Hill's division, 14,000 ; less loss June 26, 909 ;
leaving June 27 ' 13,091
49,411
R. H. Anderson's and Featherston'g brigades, at the average
regiment:tl strength (333) of the rest of Longstreet's division,
vould number 2,497
Total 51,908
As the reports referred to usually give the number of " men," "muskets,"
or rank and file, it is possible that about ii'>(X) should be added for officers ;
and artillery is probably not included in the numbers above given, and there-
fore at least 1.500 should be added for this arm. These additions would bring
the total to abont 57,000.
1 The infantry is estimated at 50 to a company, the average in the army.
^ Estimating the effectives in the cavalry at 85 per cent, of the present for
duty would reduce this number about 250.
1 18 W. R., Ml ; 15 W. R., 718, 781, 783. > 18 W. R., 879 ; 16 W. R., 476, 717, 767-769,
773-777. > 14 W. R., 530 ; 13 W. R., 606. « 12 W. B. 904. « 16 W. R., 742. MSW.R., 629,
696, 762, 767, 776, 781. ' 13 W. B., 836, 982, 983.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 85
KiUed, 724. Wounded, 4245. Total, 4969. Missing, 3067.''
Hit in 1000, 60. Hit by 1000, 103.
CONFEDERATE ABMT.
Army of Northern Virginia, present for duty July 20 ' 69,732 '
Deduct Martin's brigade (2228), Wise's brigade
(300), 47th and 48th Alabama, 32d and 53d North
Carolina (2000) ''4,528/
65,204
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent.' 60,639
Add losses, June 29^uly 1 * 11,484"
Effectives June 27 in Winder's and Lawton's brigade,
Jackson's division 4,945 *
Effectives in Ewell's division and Jones's and Fulker-
son'g brigades, Jackson's division, estimated at . . 11,045 '
88,113
Deduct loss in Ewell's and Jackson's divisions, Jane 27 1,365 ^
Total engaged ' 86,748
Killed and wounded, 8602. Missing, 875.*
Hit in 1000, 99. Hit by 1000, 57.
<* 13 W. B., 37^1. ' 14 W. R. 645. /9 W. R., 476; 13 W. R., 916; 14
W. R., 601, 651. ' Reg. Losses, 550, note ; 13 W. R., 973 et seq. * 13 W. R.,
595 ; 15 W. R., 742. ' Ante, p. 83, note 6. > 13 W. B., 973-975, 608, 616.
* Reg. Losses, 550, note ; 13 W. R., 973 et seq.
^ As suggested (ante, p. 83, note), it is possible that this number as returned
is below the actual number.
' These regiments of Taliaferro's and Daniel's brigades are estimated at 500
each.
* Estimating the effectives in the cavalry at 85 per cent of the present for
duty would reduce this number about 250.
* This number is reached by deducting from the total loss in the Seven Days'
Battles, 20,614 (Reg. Losses, 550), the losses in Jackson's and Ewell's divi-
sions, 1762 (13 W. R., 973-975, 608, 616), from the remainder, 18,852, the loss
at Gaines's Mill, in all the army except these two divisions (7386), which is
found by deducting from the total loss at Gaines's Mill, 8751, the loss in these
two divisions, 1,365. (See Reg. Losses, 550, note ; 13 W. R., 973 et seq.,
608, 616.)
' The total of the nnmbeis of the different brigades and divisions stated in
86 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
SEVEN DATS' BATTLES, JTJNE 26-JULT 1, 1862.
UNION AKMT.
Effectives engaged 91,169 ■■
Killed, 1734. Wounded, 8062. Total, 9796. Missuig, 6053.»
Hit in 1000, 107. Hit by 1000, 216.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
Effectives in Army of Northern Virginia July 20 . . 60,639 '
Losses in the Army of Northern Virginia June 25-
Julyl 18,852"
Effectives in Ewell's and Jackson's divisions . . . 15,990 «
Total engaged ' 95,481
Killed, 3478. Wounded, 16,261. Total, 19,739. Missing,
875.-^
Hit in 1000, 207. Hit by 1000, 102.
" Ante, p. 84. <• 13 W. R., .37. ' Ante, p. 84. '' Reg. Losses, 550 ; 13 W. R.,
973-975, (X)8, 016. ' 13 W. R., 595 ; 15 W. R., 742 ; ante, p. 83, note 6 ;
Reg. Losses, 550 ; 13 W. R., 973-984.
reports and dispatches was about 04,000. (See ante, p. 83, note 7 ; 13 \V. R.,
794, 906, 907.) Adding 2487, the strength of R. H. Anderson's ,ind Feather-
ston's brigades, estimated by the average strength of the regiments in the
rest of Longstreet's division (333), and about 7000 estimated for the reserve,
artiUery, and cavalry (13 W. R., 980, 981 ; 14 W. R., 645), and about 74,000
would be reached as the total nnmber.
' The reports of the various commanders state an aggregate of 75,769 car-
ried into action. (Ante, p. 83, note 7 ; 13 W. R., 601, 796, 806, 818, 794, 906,
913.) These reports do not state the number of Featherston's and R. H.
Anderson's brigades, or the cavalry or artillery. Estimating these two brig-
ades at the average strength. (:};«}) per regiment of the rest of Longstreet's
division, '2497, the artillery at 93 per cent., and the cavalry at 85 per cent, of
the present for duty July 20 (14 W. R., 645), a total of 0403 plus their loss
of 245 June 26 to July 1 (13 W. R., 973-984), and adding 7 per cent, for the
officers in all but Mahone's and Armistead's brigades (3008), in which alone the
reports seem to include officers, a total of about 90,000 is reached for the num-
ber engaged.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 87
CEDAK MOXJNTAtN, AUGUST 9, 1862.
UKION ABUT.
Williams's division (3700),' Angnr's division (3163),*
Bayard's cavalry (1167) ' 8,030 «
KiUed, 314. Wounded, 1445. Total, 1759.* Missing, 594.* «■
Hit in 1000, 219. Hit by 1000, 166.
CONFEDERATE ABUY.
Present for duty, Ewell's division, August 9, 5222,'
Hill's division, July 20, 10,651 15,873 <^
Present for duty, Winder's division,' July 20, 13J
regiments, estimated at ' 5,035 ■'
20,908
Deduct Ewell's pickets (330) and Field's and Gregg's
brigades (10 regiments), estimated at 3730 ' . . . 4,060 *
16,848
<»2 Mass. MU. Hist., 417; 16 W. R., 89, 153, 808, 1.57; 18 W. R., 523.
» 16 W. R., 139. ' 18 W. R., 965 ; 16 W. R., 227 ; 14 W. R., 645. ^ 14 W. R.,
645, 648. ' 14 W. R., &19 ; 16 W. K., 215, 217, 233.
' Only 7 of the 13 iafantry regimeats were present (16 W. R., 149, 152,
160; 18 W. R., .523). The brigades numbered: Crawford's, 1767; Gordon's,
1500 "men;" 433 is allowed for oiEcers and batteries, to conform to General
WiUiams's statement (16 W. R., 148).
^ Officers estimated, 1.50.
' 85 per cent, of present for duty July 31.
* Exclnding loss of 16 stated for General Banks's escort, and 102 for Pick-
ett's division. This division is not included in the force engaged, because, be-
fore it arrived, the Union line was driven back and the battle was decided ; and,
although its loss occurred where the Union line made its stand in the rear, it
was after dark in an encounter which had no effect on the combat, which had
already been wou by the Confederates. The extraordinary nature of the ear-
lier combat seems to warrant a comparison of numbers and losses strictly con-
fined to the forces involved in the decision of it. (.See 16 W. R., 328, 170-175,
139.) On the same theory, Field's, Gregg's, and Stafford's (2d Louisiana) brig-
ades are omitted on the Confederate side. (16 W. R., 214, 215, 184; 18
W. R., 918, 919.)
^ 5027 present for duty August 10, plus 19.5 lost August 9.
** Lawton's brigade absent and not included (16 W. R., 182).
' Estimated at 37.3 per regiment, the average strength of the 43 regiments
above included as present for duty in Hill's and Kwell's divisions. (See Lee to
Jackson, 18 W. R., 918.)
88 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 15,668
Robertson's cavalry (Asbby's and 2d, 6th, and 12th
Virginia) 1,200-^
Total engaged 16,868
Killed, 231. Wounded, 1107. Total, ' 1338.»
Hit in 1000, 79. Hit by 1000, 104.
/ 16 W. R., 180 ; 18 W. E., 527. See 8 So. Hist. Soc., 178 et seq. » 16 W. R.,
180, 225, 228.
MANASSAS AND CHANTILLT, AUGUST 27-8EPTEMBEB 2, 1862.
UNION ARMT.
Sigel's (12,131) '^ and McDowell's corps (20,431) » . 32,562 »
4 regiments of Kanawha division, estimated at . . . 2,600 "
9th corps (8000), Hooker's and Kearny's divisions
(14,952)* 22,952'
5th corps, including Reynolds's division and Piatt's
brigade •15,982''
Taylor's brigade, 6th corps 1,600 '
Total engaged 75,696
KiUed, 1724. Wounded, 8372. Total, 10,096.« Missing,' 5958.-'
Hit in 1000, 132. Hit by 1000, 120.
CONFEDERATE ARUV.
Present for duty July 20, in Longstreet's, A. P. Hill's,
Anderson's, Jones's, and Whiting's divisions . . 32,855 "
» 18 W. R., 523, 580, 603. » 18 W. R., 308, 309, 523. ' 9 W. R., 409, 410 ;
14 W. R., 367 ; 18 W. R., 614. " 16 W. R., 401, 396, 2.56 ; 18 W. R., 619;
17 W. R., 1001. ' 16 W. R., 537. / 16 W. R., 262. » 14 W. R., 645.
' Not including loss in Field's, Gregg's, or Stafford's brigades.
' 93 per cent, of present for duty, ex. headqiiarters staff and escort.
' 93 per cent, of infantry and 85 per cent, of cavalry present for duty,
August 16, ex. staff, signal corps, and pontoneers.
* 93 per cent, of present for duty August 10.
' 93 per cent, of present for duty in Morell's division August 16, and Sykes's
division August 2S, plus numbers given in field returns of Reynolds and Piatt
(including casualties).
' Excluding loss in Banks's corps, which was not eng^aged, August 28-Sep-
tember 2, and including the few casualties on the Rappahannock.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 89
Ewell's division, August 10 (5027), and Jackson's
division, estimated at 5365 '■ 10,932 *
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of 43,247=
40,219
Effectives in the brigades of Evans (2200), Lawton
(2933), and Drayton (1550) '^ 6,683*
Effectives in Stuart's cavalry, estimated ' at . . . . 2,768
49,670
Deduct losses at Cedar Mountain in Hill's and Jack-
son's divisions 1,143-^
Total engaged 48,527
Killed, 1481. Wounded, 7627. Total, 9108. Mbsing,* 89.*
Hit in 1000, 187. Hit by 1000, 208.
» 14 W. R., 646-648 ; 18 W. K., 965. < 27 W. E., 940 ; 13 W. R., 595, 597, 599.
> 16 W. R., 180, 225. * 16 W. R., 568, 648, 730, 738, 739.
KICHMOND, KT., AUGUST 29, 30, 1862.
UinON ABMT.
Manson's command * 6,500 <»
Killed, 206. Wounded, 844. Total, 1050. Missing, 4,303.»
Hit in 1000, 161. Hit by 1000, 69.
CONFEDEBATE iuKMT.
Churchill's and Cleburne's divisions * 6,000 "^
Scott's cavalry brigade *850'*
Total engaged 6,850
" 22 W. R., 915. >> 22 W. R., 909. ' 23 W. R., 777. "^ 22 W. R., 9.38.
^ Estimated at 370 per regiment, the average in the divisions above, for 14J
regiments, including lOtb Looisiana, hut not the rest in Starke's brigade, which
are included in the numbers given for the divisions above.
^ Estimated by the average strength of regiments in Evans's and Lawton's
brigades. (See, also, 20 W. R., 591-593.)
^ 85 per cent, of the present for duty July 20, the number of reg^iments being
the same in August.
* This includes the few lost on the Rappahannock. See 16 W. R., 597, 720.
' It is probable that these were the number of " effectives."
' General Smith's statement, that his whole force " was not more than 5000,"
apparently does not include the cavalry.
90 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Killed, 78. Wounded, 372. Total, 450. Missing, 1.'
Hit in 1000, 66. Hit by 1000, 153.
• 22 W. R., 936.
SOUTH MOUNTAIN, SEPTEMBER 14, 1862.
imiON A£HY.
Ist and 9th corps, present for duty September 17,
18G2 '28,675-
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 26,667
Losses September 14 J 813 t>
Total engaged 28,480
Killed, 325. Wounded, 1403. Total, 1728. Missing, 85.=
Hit in 1000, 68. Hit by 1000, 66.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
Present for duty September 22, in D. H. Hill's,
Hood's, and Jones's divisions, and Evans's brigade 12,284 '*
Bosser's cavalry and Jeff Davis legion, estimated at 700 "*
12,984
Deduct Toombs's brigade and 11th Georgia volunteers
(^ of Jones's division) 733
12,251
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 11,393
Losses reported September 14-20 5,821 '
17,214
Captured at South Mountain, not reported, about . '1,500-'^
Total effectives September 14 '18,714
» 27 W. R., 67. (See, also, 28 W. R., 336.) » 27 W. R., 187. ' 27 W. R.,
187. " 27 W. R., 804, 808-810, 839, 1020 ; 28 W. R., 621, 674. « 27 W. R.,
843, 1026. / 27 W. R., 418.
• That this number represents the present for duty is indicated by the fact
that the sum of the present for duty September 20, and the losses September
17-20, is only 27,910 (28 W. R., Sm-, 27 W. R., 187, 191, 198).
^ Probably some of the wounded not reported are included in this number
(27W. R., 111).
' The reports of the action by the commanders of all the infantry, excepting
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 91
Based upon the return of July 20, the number is about 700 less,
as follows : —
Present for duty July 20 in D. H. HiU's,* Jones's,*
and Whiting's divisions 17,157 c
Pickett's, Kemper's, and Jenkins's brigades ' . . . 4,257 *
Evans's brigade 2,200 •
9 batteries (450) and Rosser's cavalry (700) esti-
mated at 1,440-'
25,054
Deduct Toombs's brigade and 11th Georgia volun-
teers, 55 per cent, of Jones's division 2,048
Present for duty July 20 23,006
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 21,395
Deduct losses in August 3,543 *
Total engaged 17,852
Killed, 325.' Wounded, 1560. Total, 1885.' Missbg, »800.'
Hit in 1000, 105. Hit by 1000, 97.
» 14 W. R., 645. * 14 W. R., 645, 649 ; 27 W. R., 805. • 27 W. R., 940.
> 27 W. R., 809, 810, 817, 1020 ; 28 W. R., 674. * 16 W. R., 561, 56?. ' 27
W. R., 181, 418.
Law's and Jenkins's brigades, state the nomber of men in action at 9351 (27
W. R., 885, 888, 901, 903, 905, 929, 940, 1020, 1022 ; 16 W. R., 637, 638). Esti-
mating Law's and Jenkins's brigades at 1271, the cavalry and artillery at 1150,
and the officers at 1748, 7.6 per cent, of the present for duty, July 30, a total
of 13,400 is reached. For reasons stated below, in connection with Antietam,
the number 18,714, above given, is here adopted.
^ The gain of Drayton's brigade by Jones's division is assmned to offset the
loss of Wise's brigade from Hill's.
* Estimated at i of Longstreet's division.
8 About 700 were reported killed and wounded in 7 brigades and 8 regiments
(27 W. R., 843, 1026). The reports of the other commands do not give the loss
for South Mountain alone, but give a loss of 2159 killed and wounded at South
Mountain and Antietam. All but Ripley's brigade seem to have been hotly
engaged at South Mountain (27 W. R., 843, 1026), and, in view of General
MeClellan's statement that the Confederate outnumbered the Union dead, 325
is adopted as the number of dead, and the wounded are estimated at the usual
proportion of 4.8. Probably the actual loss was greater. It is estimated that
700 of the 800 prisoners were wounded.
92 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
ANTIETAM, SEPTEMBER 16, 17, 1862.
UKION ABHT.
Present for duty ex. Morell's division • '87,164"
EfiFectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
85 per cent, of cavalry 75,316
Killed, 2108. Wounded, 954^ Total, 11,657. Missing, 753.»
Hit in 1000, 155. Hit by lOo))', 156.
CONFEDERATE AKMT.
Present for duty September 22 in infantry
and artillery 37,330"
Deduct jV °f ^- P- Hill's division and of its
losses September 17-20 for Thomas's brigade 832 ■*
-^ of Jackson's division and its losses for 2d
Virginia 166 •
J of 11th Georgia 140-^
^ of reserve artillery 456 ' 1,594
35,736
Cavalry, October 10 5,761 *
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry
and 93 per cent, of remainder 38,120
Losses September 17 13,724
Total engaged 51,844 '
« 27 W. R., 67, 338. '> 27 W. R., 200. <^ 28 W. R., 621. ■* 27 W. R., 807,
981, 983. « 27 W. R., 808, 1008, 1011. / 27 W. R., 911, 912. » 27 W. R.,
830; 28 W. R., 660. * 28 W. R., 660.
1 Morell's diriBion, although present, was not engaged, and had no influence
on the result.
'^ About 23,000 in 6th corps and Sykes's division here iuclnded did not open
fire in line of battle.
' Based upon the returns for July and August, the number of effectives ap-
pears to be about 7000 greater, as follows : —
Present for duty in Army of Northern Virginia July 20 ... . * 57,476
In Jackson's corps, ex. Lawton's brigade, August 9, Jackson's
division, ex. 2d Virginia, estimated at ^ of Ewell's division . . * 11,488
Present for duty July 15 in Ransom's and Walker's brigade ... ' 5,971
6 regiments of cavalry, estimated at J of Stuart's cavalry .... * 2,200
77,135
> 14 W. R., 646, M8. « Ant«, p. 83. » 9 W. B., 476 ; 27 W. B., 806. • 27 W. E., 810 ; 14
W. R., 646, 662.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 93
KiUed, 2700.» Wounded, 9024.» Total, 11,724. Missing, about
12000/
Hit in 1000, 226. Hit by 1000, 225.
- 27 W. K., 67, 111.
Dedact ^ of A. P. Hill's division for Thomas's brigade . . 1 1,639
Deduct J^ of reserve artillery * 1,341
Deduct llth Georg:ia « 140 3,120
74,015
1 Effectives at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93 per cent, of re- .
mainder 68,333
Effectives in Evans's and Lawton's brigades Angnst 1 . . * 5,133
1 73,466
Losses August 1-September 15 ' 14,182
Effectives September 15 59,284
(It is assumed that the gain of Drayton's brigade offsets the loss of Wise's.)
The loss of 7000 effectives between August 1 and September 22 may be
accounted for in stragglers. General Lee wrote, September 13 (28 W. R.,
605) : " I have received as yet no official list of the casualties in the late battles,
and, from the number of absentees in the army and the vice of straggling, a
correct list cannot be obtained. . . . One great embarrassment is the reduc-
tion of our ranks by straggling, which it seems impossible to prevent with our
present regimental officers. Our ranks are very much diminished — I fear
from one half to one third of the original numbers — though I have reason to
hope that our casualties in battles will not exceed ."JOOO men." General D. H.
Hill also bitterly complained of the straggling (27 W. R., 1022).
In his report of Antietam General Lee said : " This great battle was fought
by less than 40,000 men on our side " (27 W. R., 151). This statement would
imply that, besides the 3120 above deducted, 19,000 of the 59,000 effectives in
July had left the ranks. It is not credible that this number had straggled,
and it is not reconcilable with the returns of September 22. It is probable
that General Lee founded his statement on the numbers given in the reports
of his subordinates. They give the number of 35 infantry brigades as 23,000
to 24,000 (27 W. R., 862, 886, 919, 929, 948, 968, 981, 1008, 1022, 1023). If
Walker's, Law's, Pender's, and Field's brigades, whose numbers are not given,
•were of the average strength of the others, General Lee may have arrived
at about the number given by him, by adding about 2000 officers, 3200 for the
61 batteries engaged, and 6000 for the cavalry. But the reports of his sub-
ordinates were written from one to several months after the battle, and in
most of them the statements of numbers are qualified by " about," " not over,"
or " less than," which indicate that they are estimates made after the battle,
rather than the records of roll-calls on the field. The failure of these reports
to notice many of those lost in the battle confirms this view.
' The Confederate reports give for all the actions in Maryland 1787 killed,
>27W. R., 981. >27W. K., 830. > 27 W. B., 911, 912. • Ante, p. 89. eZTW. R., 861;
ante, pp. 87, 89, 91.
94 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
CORINTH, OCTOBER 3, 4, 1862.
UNION AKMT.
Present for duty September 30, 1862 23,077 <■
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery, and 85 per cent, of cavalry 21,147
KiUed, 355. Wounded, 1841. Total, 21%. Missing, 324."
Hit in 1000, 104. Hit by 1000, 117.
CONFEDERATE ABMT.
" Field returns," September 28, 1862, about .... 22,000 ^
Killed, 473. Wounded, 1997. Total," 2470. Missing,' 1763."
Hit in 1000, 112. Hit by 1000, 100.
" 25 W. R., 240. !■ 24 W. K., 176. ' 24 W. R., 378. '' 24 W. R., 382-384,
S07, 403, 413.
©147 wounded (27 W. R., 811 et seq., 843, 958, 1026, 824-827, 8S8). Deduct-
ing r)87 killed, 2323 wounded in the otlier actions, including i the total loss
in Maryland for Mahone's brigade at Cramptou's Gap (ante. p. 91 ; 27 W. R.,
376, 824-827, 838, 843, 861), there remain for Antietam 1200 killed and 6824
wounded. The ratio of wounded to killed (about 5.7) exceeds the average ratio
(4.8), and the ratio in the Union losses in this battle (4.5), so much as to leave no
doubt that the reports are incomplete. Besides, it is impossible to believe that
52,000 men, all hotly engaged, on one side lost only 8024 killed and wounded,
while 64,000 men on the other side (not counting Sykes's and Slocum's divisions
and Brooks's brigade) lost 11,472, when neither side fought behind works or
had the advantage of cover. The number of Confederate dead cannot be
placed at less than the number counted and buried on the field (27 W. R., 67) ;
and to the number of wounded reported there must be added the number left
on the fiehl and not reported. (See 27 W. R., 1025.) There were 2.")00 left on
the tliree battlefields, of whom 300 were left at Crarapton's Gap (27 W. R., 370).
Those left at South Mountain having been allowed for (ante. p. 91) in the num-
ber above deducted, the remainder, 2200, is to be added to the 6824 reported
for Antietam, making a total of 9024. The ratio of this number to the 2700
killed is too small, and it is probable that, to correspond to the ratio on the Union
side, tlie number of wounded should be increased to 12,000. In the fierce fire
and rapid movements of this battle, many left the ranks with wounds, unnoticed,
to be afterwards counted among the stragglers (see 27 W. R., 1025), and it is
possible that, pursuant to the policy afterwards established in general orders
(40 W. R., 798), the slightly wounded were, for political and military reasons,
not reported. 6000 prisoners were taken by tlie Union army in Maryland (27
W. R., 67). Deducting ISOO taken at South Mountain and Crampton's Gap
(27 W. R., 376, 418), and 2200 additional wounded, there remain 2000 prisoners
to be connted as missing on the Confederate side at Antietam.
' 21 killed and 84 wounded were reported for Hatchie's bridge, October 5,
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 95
PERETVILLE, OCTOBER 8, 1862.
UiaON ABMT.
Present for duty « 39,721-
Eflfectives estimated at 93 per cent 36,940
KiUed, 845. Wounded, 2851. Total, 3696. Missing, 515."
Hit in 1000, 100. Hit by 1000, 85.
CONFEDEBATK ARMY.
Effectives, about " 16,000 '
Killed, 510. Wounded, 2635. Total, 3145. Missing, 251.
Hit in 1000, 196. Hit by 1000, 231.
" 22 W. R., 1026 et seq., 1059 ; 23 W. R., 563. «■ 22 W. R., 1036. ' 22
W. R., 1092.
PRAIRIE GROVE, ARK., DECEMBER 7, 1862.
ONION ABHT.
Army of the Frontier ' 10,000 »
Killed, 175. Wounded, 813. Total, 988. Missing, 263. "
Hit in 1000, 99. Hit by 1000, 98.
CONFEDERATE ABMT.
1st corps trans-Mississippi army * 10,000 "^
'•32W. R., 76. »32W.R., 86. -^ 32 W. R., 140.
in 3 out of 4 brigades ; but as 32 dead were bnried there, this number, with 153
for the usnal proportion of wounded, and 420 prisoners taken at the same
place, are deducted from the totals given in the returns for October 3-5.
' Five per cent, added for officers to number of enlisted men in 10th division.
To the strength of the 3d corps. October 21, is added the loss October 8. Six
brigades of this corps suffered little loss, and apparently did not open fire. If
these were deducted, the number engaged would be reduced to less than 25,000,
of whom about 150 in 1000 were hit.
^ General Bragg must have counted only effectives, as the infantry present
for duty numbered at least 15,300. (See 22 W. R., 1120 ; 23 W. R., 900, With-
er's division, which was absent, excluded.)
^ General Blunt reported that .3000 of the cavalry were not engaged (p.
76), but they are here included because they seem to have been present in the
field. The Army of the Frontier, November 30, had present for duty 13,175
(32 W. R., 795), consisting of 12 regiments of infantry, 1 of which was de-
tached, 7 batteries, 1 1 regiments of cavalry, and 1.50 of Missouri militia (pp.
84-86). Effectives, reckoned at 93 per cent, of infantry and artillery, and 85
per cent, of cavalry, would be about 11,0(X) ; but the 2d and 3d divisions, by
forced marches, had been reduced from 75.34 to about 5100 (pp. 72, 107, 108).
* Possibly 700 to 1000 should be added for officers.
96 A^UifBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Killed, 164. Wounded, 817. Total, 981. Missing, 336.''
Hit in 1000, 98. Hit by 1000, 99.
" 32 W. R., 142.
FREDERICKSBURG, DECEMBER 13, 1862.
CTIION ABUT.
Present for duty in 3 grand divisions and engineers 120,281 "
Deduct cavalry of right and centre grand divisions . 6,294 ^
Engaged 113,987
EfiEectives estimated at 93 per cent 106,007
KiUed, 1284. Wounded, 9600. Total, 10,884." Missing, 1769.'^
Hit in 1000, 103.> Hit by 1000, 44.
CONFEDEBATE ABMT.
Present for duty » 78,513''
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 73,017
Deduct Hampton's cavalry 520 «
Engaged ''72,497
KiUed, 595. Wounded, 4061. Total, 4656. Missing, 653.
Hit in 1000, 64. Hit by 1000, 150.
0 31 W. R., 1121. » 31 W. R., 220, 984, 1121. c31W. R., 142. ''31W. R.,
1057. ' 31 W. R., 544, 690.
CHICKASAW BAYOU AND BLUFF, DECEMBER 27,29,1862.
CKION ARMY.
Present for duty in A. J. Smith's, M. L. Smith's,
Morgan's, and Steele's divisions 33,033 "
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent '30,720
Killed. 208. Wounded, 1005. Total, 1213. Missing, 563."
Hit in 1000, 39. Hit by 1000, 6.
» 24 W. R., 602, 604. ' 24 W. R., 625.
1 9080 were killed and wounded in 11 of the IS divisions, or 157 to 1000.
'^ If Jones's cavalry brigade is included in the present for duty, a deduction
probably of about 2400 should be made from the number engaged, as this
brigade was in the Shenandoah valley (31 W. K., 544 and note, and 1075).
» The 1 18th and 13l8t Illinois seem to have been detached (24 W. R., 627,
644). If they were, about 5 per cent, should probably be deducted on this
account.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 97
C0K7EDEBATE ABMT.
Effectives, January 3, 1863, in M. L. Smith's com-
mancP 9.807'
Effectives, January 2, 1862, in Vaughn's and Bar-
ton's brigades 3,778'
Losses, December 27-30, stated below 207
Total engaged 13,792
Killed, 63. Wounded, 134. Total, 197.'^ Missing, 10.''
Hit in 1000, 14. Hit by 1000, 88.
c 25 W. K., 824, 825 ; 24 W. B., 666, 673-679. "i 24 W. R., 674.
stone's BIVEK, DECESIBEE 31, 1862, JANTJAEY 1, 1863.
tnnoif AEMY.
Present for duty « 44,800°
Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry 41,400
KiUed, 1677. Wounded, 7543. Total,' 9220." Missing,' 3686."
Hit in 1000, 223.' Hit by 1000, 223.
CONFEDBBATE ABMT.
Present for duty 37,712 ■=
Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry 34,732
Killed, 1294. Wounded, 7945. Total, 9239." " Missing, about
2500.''
Hit in 1000, 266.* Hit by 1000, 265.
« 29 W. E., 175-182, 201 ; 30 W. E., 283-285. » 29 W. R., 215. ' 29 W. E.,
674. '' 29 W. R., 229, 669, 674.
1 Including Gregg's brigade.
2 Including Walker's brigade, estimated at ^ of Fry's division, and Stark-
weather's brigade, estimated at { of Rousseau's division. These brigades are
not included in General Rosecrans's recapitulation (29 W. R-, 201), but they
participated in the battle. (29 W. R., .393, 442, 443.)
* To arrive at these figures deduction is made from the totals given in 29
W. R., at page 215, of 53 for the killed and 259 for the wounded in minor com-
bats at other places. See 29 W. R., 207, note, 218, 219, 409, 465.
* Not counting Pegram's brigade, the loss of which is not reported.
98 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
ARKANSAS POST, JANUARY 11, 1863.
UNION ABMT.
Army of the Mississippi, January 4, 1863, effectives ' 28,944 "
Killed, 134. Wounded, 898. Total, 1032. Missing, 29.'
Hit in 1000, 36. Hit by 1000, 4.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of the number
surrendered, plus the loss in killed and wounded . ' 4,564 '
Killed, 28. Wounded, 81. Total, 109.' Missing (captured),
4791.'
Hit in 1000, 24. Hit by 1000, 226.
" Ante, p. 96. '■ 24 W. R., 719. ' 24 W. R., 757, 785, 795.
CHANCELLOKSVILLE AND FREDERICKSBURG,' MAT 1-4, 1863.
CinON ARMY.
Present for duty * 104,891 »
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of artillery and
infantry and 85 per cent, of cavalry 97,382
Killed, l.'')7o. Wounded, 9.594. Total, 11,116." Missing, 5676.»
Hit in 1000, 114. Hit by 1000, 110.
CONTISDEBATE ARH7.
Present for duty May 20 « 48,080 =
0 40 W. R., .320. ' 39 W. R., 185, 191, 177, note. ' 39 W. R., 789-794, and
notes ; 40 W. R., 814.
1 The number of effectives engfaged at Chickasaw Bluff, less losses there.
- General ChnrchiU reported that he had about .3000 effectives, but the com-
manders of two brigades report at least 3190 enlisted men (24 W. R., 780, 783,
791), and Dimnington's brigade is to be added.
' The two actions are treated as one. The disposition of the Confederate
forces in each field was affected by the presence of the Union force in the other
field, and a part of the Confederates fought in one and then in the other field-
The Confederate losses in both fields are consolidated in the War Records.
* 2d, ."ith, 6th, llth, and 12th corps, Pleasonton's brigade, estimated at ^ of
the cavalry corps, and 4 batteries of the 1st corps, the only part of it eng-iged
before the battle was decided. The corps arrived on the field of Chancellbrs-
ville May 3, and. excepting these batteries, was not engaged (30 W. R., 2.>.5).
' Excluding Hood's and Pickett's divisions, and all the cavalry except one
brigade, estimated at -^ of the whole.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 99
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of artillery and
infantry and 85 per cent, of cavalry 44,588
Losses May 1-4 >- 12,764"
Total engaged 57,352
Killed, 1665. Wounded, 9081. Total, 10,746.i Missing, 2018.'
Hit in 1000, 187. Hit by lOHO, 194.
■* Keg. Losses, 550. ' Reg. Losses, 550.
CHAMPION HILL, MAT 16, 1863.
UKION ASKY.
Present for duty April 30 » 33,286"
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 30,955
Deduct losses May 1, 12, and 14 1,582 "
Effectives May 16 ' 29,373
Killed, 410. Wounded, 1844. Total, 2254.' Missing, 187.'
Hit in 1000, 76.= Hit by 1000, 74.
CONTEDEBATi: ABMT.
Effectives about '20,000"
" 38 W. R., 249. » .36 W. R., 585, 706, 751. '= 37 W. R., 10. <« 36 W. R.,
217, 261, 2&4 ; 38 W. R., 702, 703, 705.
1 For detaUed losses see 39 W. R., 809, 816, 820. 895, 906, 918, 926, 937, 947,
1002, 1008, 1015, 1030, 10.33, 1039.
^ The divisions of Osterhaus, A. J. Smith, Hovey, Carr, Logan, Crocker, and
Blair, less 4 regiments estimated at ^ of the first two named (37 W. R., 12,
30 ; 38 W. R., 250).
8 General Grant said that the battle was fought mainly by Hovey's, Logan's,
and Crocker's divisions (36 W. R., 53), whose effective strength was 15,390,
and loss in kUled and wounded 141 in 1000 ; but the other divisions, although
suffering small loss, materially influenced the disposition of the Confederates.
* Stevenson's, Bowen's, and Loring's divisions and Wirt Adams's cavalry.
General Pemberton places his force at 17,500 ; but the returns of March 31
give 22,198 as present for duty in these divisions, and the loss in action in May
was 868 (38 W. R., 702 ; 36 W. R., 668), and other returns in May and June
show that there were present for duty May 10 at least 22,500 (38 W. R., 819,
907 979 ; 37 W. R., 120; 36 W. R., 320). It therefore is probable that the
number given by General Pemberton included only the men bearing muskeU.
Adding 8 per cent, for officers, 500 for Wirt Adams's cavalry regiment, and 600
for 13 "batteries (38 W. R., 703-705), brings the number to 20,000.
L.ofC.
100 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
KiUed, 381. Wounded, about 1800.' Total, 2181.' MUsing,'
1670.«
Hit in 1000, 109. Hit by 1000, 112.
« 37 W. R., 82, 86, 93, 99, 120.
ASSACXT ON VICKSBURG, MAY 22, 1863.
UNION ARMY.
93 per cent, of present for duty May 31, in 13th,
15th, and 17th corps '42,315''
Add losses May 22 »3,241»
Total engaged * 45,556
KiUed, 502. Wounded, 2550. Total, 3052.» Missing, 147.«
Hit in 1000, 67.
COITFEDEBATB ABMT.
Effectives in Bowen's division. May 22 2,569 <'
EflEectives in Stevenson's division, June 23 ... . 8,776 *
Effectives in Smith's division. May 26 * 4,005-^
93 per cent, of present for duty in Forney's division,
June 25 4,611»
Losses prior to June 23 in Stevenson's and June 25
in Forney's division ' 2,340 *
Total effectives ' 22,301
Hit by 1000, 137.
<■ 36 W. R., 55 ; 38 W. R., 370, 371. » 36 W. R., 156 ; 37 W. R., 165. ' 36
W. R., 156 ; 37 W. R., 165. <* 38 W. R., 907. ' 38 W. R., 979. /38 W. R.,
923. »38W. R., 978. » 37 W. R., 328.
' The returns give 1017 wounded and 2453 missing. No doubt there were
many wounded reported as missing, and the number of wounded is computed
in the usual ratio of 4.8 lo the killed, and the number of missing is correspond-
ingly reduced.
" General headquarters, staff, escort, cavalry, and pioneers excluded ; total,
1673.
' Including 42 killed and wounded in Hovey's division, not tabulated at
37 W. R., 16.5.
* Probably not over 100 should be added for losses May 23-31 (37 W. R.,
161).
' Officers estimated at 8 per cent, of number of guns. Probably the total
effectives was larger than the total thus reached, as the inspection report prob-
ably did not reach men on guard or picket.
° Estimated at J of the loss during the siege.
'29,396 were surrendered in July (37 W. R., 325).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 101
ASSAULT ON POET HUDSON, MAT 27, 1863.
CKION ABMY.
Banks's command, effectives 13,000 "
KiUed, 293. Wounded, 1545. Total, ISSS." Missing, 157."
Hit in 1000, 141. Hit by 1000, 18.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
Gardner's command, effectives May 19, estimated at
93 per cent, of present for duty May 19 * . . . . 4,326 *
Deduct losses May 22-26 134 c
4,192
Killed and wounded, about ' 235.''
Hit in 1000, 56. Hit by 1000, 438.
« 41 W. R., 44, 47. M2W. K.,10. Ml W. R., 168, 152, 156. <'41W.R.,
147, 169.
ASSAULT ON PORT HUDSON, JUNE 14, 1863.
HKION ARMY.
Columns of attack, about 6,000 "
Killed, 203. Wounded, 1401. Total, 1604." Missing, 188."
Hit in 1000, 267. Hit by 1000, 8.
CONFEDERATE AKMT.
Present for duty in Gardiner's command, June 14,
estimated at '3,750 =
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 3,487
Killed, 22. Wounded, 25. Total, 47."*
Hit in 1000, 13. Hit by 1000, 460.
« 41 W. R., 546, 548, 45. !■ 41 W. R., 47. "^ 42 W. K., 10, 98. " 41 W. R.,
147, 175.
1 The returns are incomplete, and possibly omit the 1st, 11th, 14th, 17th,
and 18th Arkansas, and some smaller organizations (compare 42 W. R., 10, with
41 W. R., 143) i but the number surrendered July 8, plus the number killed, is
almost exactly equaled by the aggregate present in the returns of May 19
(41 W. R., 55, 144 ; 42 W. R., 10).
2 Miles's killed and wounded estimated at 10.
' Estimated at the mean between the numbers shown by the returns of May
19 and June 30, deducting losses May 22-27, and adding Miles's command to
the return of June 30.
102 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR.
GETTT8BURG, JULY 1-3, 1863.
UNION ASMY.
Army of the Potomac, present for duty June 30.
Infantry and artillery, less 3 brigades of 6th corps'
(5520) 83,763 <•
Cavalry 14,973"
Effectives," infantry and artillery, 77,899 ; cavalry,
12,727 90,626
Deduct excess of detachments over additions (706) ' and
provost and headquarter guards not engaged (1631) * 2,337 *
Total engaged 88,289
KUled, 3155.' Wounded, 14,529.' Total, 17,684.
Missing, 5365.'
Hit in 1000, 200. Hit by 1000, 256.
CONTKDERATB ASHY.
Army of Northern Virginia,
present for duty. May 31.'' July 20.' July 31/
Infantry and artillery .... 64,167 41,692 45,396
"43 W. R., 151. ' 1 New York at Gettysburg, 103. '43 W. K., 187. ■'40
W. R., 846. «44W. R.,292.
' Torbert's, Russell's, and Grant's brig^ades, estimated at ^ 2 of the corps.
Torbert's was in line on the right of the .^th Corps, July 3d. but as the action
did not extend to that part of the field on that day, it is deemed proper, at
least for the calculation ante, pages 64 et seq., to omit this brigade, although
eleveu of its men were wounded on the picket line. The other two brigades
being on the left of Round Top were not in the presence of the enemy.
' Estimated at 93 per cent, of the infantry and artillery, and 85 per cent, of
the cavalry.
^ The additions were the 13th, 14th, and 15th Vermont of Stannard's and
three regiments of Lockwood's brigades, and two companies, which, Colonel
Fox states, were not included in the return of June 30, as was assumed in the
Ist edition of this book. The detachments were the Engineer brigade, the 84th
and 102d Pennsylvania, 4tb New Jersey (seven companies), three batteries, and
the 8th United States Infantry and 93d New York, of the Provost Marshal Gen-
eral's comiuand.
* The remainder (estimated at one half) of the Provost Marshal General's
command, and 19 companies motioned by Colonel Fox.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES JN THE CIVIL WAR. 103
Stuart's and Jenkins's cavalry * . 13,492 "
Effectives (93 and 85 per cent.) . 71,143 50,241 53,686
Additions after May 31 . . . 7,171 *
Loss July 1-10, ex. cavalry . . 27,823 ' 27.823 ' .
78,314 78,064 81,509
Detachments and June loss » . . 5,034 <« 4,482 ^ 4,782 "
Total » 73,280 =73,582 "76,727
Estimate of effectives, July 1-3 . ' 75,000
Killed, * 3903." Wounded, * 18,735."^ Total, 22,638. Missing,
* 5425.<^ Hit in 1000, 301. Hit by 1000, 235.
- 40 W. R., 846 ; 44 W. R., 708 ; 24 So. Hist. Soc. Papers, 340. ' 1 New
York at Gettysburg, 105, 106 ; 20 W. R., 1086. <= 44 W. R., 346, and note ;
363, 365, 399, 476, note ; note 4 below. <* 1 New York at Gettysburg, 106 ; 44
W. R., 336, 399, 713, 714, 719, 770.
' Colonel Fox and General Lee, 5 So. Hist. Soc., 165, adopt General Rodes's
statement that Jenkins's brigade numbered 1600 ; but in view of General Stuart's
statement that it left Virginia with 3800, and of the fact that it was recruited
late in 1862 for the attractive " local or special service " (see 31 W. R., 1024 ;
45 W. R., 1069), and had not suffered much, if any, loss in battle, the present
writer adopts 3200 on Lieutenant Schuricht's statement above cited.
^ Losses are excluded for Robertson's cavalry brigade, and under July 20
and 31 are confined to the cavalry. The loth Virginia, estimated at 300, is
excluded from detachments deducted under July 20, because it was not then
present (44 W. R., 490).
' Many who straggled after the battle had not rejoined July 29 (45 W. R.,
1048). 53,286 was the "aggregate present" July 31, against .50,178 July 20.
The writer estimates the Confederate effectives at 75,000, which is about the
mean of the two results based on these two returns.
* 2592 kiUed and 12,700 wounded as per Confederate returns, 6020 wounded
captured in excess of the 776 reported by Confederates as left, 1131 kUled,
estimated so as to make the ratio of killed to wounded average 1 to 4.8 (Reg.
Losses, 22), and 5425 unwounded captured as per Union returns. The Con-
federate commanders reported that many of the "missing" were doubtless
killed or wounded. Only 776 wounded were reported as left (44 W. R., 325
365, 475, 470, 009). It follows that of the 6802 captured wounded, 6026 were
not included in the Confederate returns as wounded. The fighting was at close
range. The Confederates were on the offensive. It cannot exaggerate their
loss in killed to estimate it at 1 to 4.8, as against 1 to 4.6, the ratio on the
Union side. From the 5425 missing, perhaps 1360 should be deducted for
those captured by the cavalry after the battle (43 W. R., 994).
104 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
ASSAULT ON FORT WAGNEB, JULY 18, 1803.
UmoN AAMT.
Strong's brigade, present for duty June 30, 1863 3,761 "
Deduct 212 for 7th Connecticut and 200 esti-
mated for ai-tillery 412
Deduct ^ of remainder for Enfants Perdus and
Co. D, 1st New York engineers 638 950
2,811
Present for duty in 6th Connecticut .... 484 '
Putnam's brigade June 30, 4 regiments, esti-
mated'at 1,920'
Artillery (7 batteries) estimated at .... 700
5,915
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 5,500
Deduct loss July 11 236
Total engaged 5,264
Killed, 246. Wounded, 880. Total, 1126."' Missing, 389."
Hit in 1000, 214.'' Hit by 1000, 32.'
CONTEDEBATK ARMY.
Garrison of Fort Wagner and artillery of Battery
Gregg, about * 1,340 «
32d Georgia 445-^
Total engaged, about 1,785
<■ 46 W. R.. ,34(5, 359, .361 ; 47 W. R., 7, 8, 9. » 46 W. R., 357. ' 47 W. R.,
7, 8 ; 46 W. R., 346. <* 46 W. R., 210. ' 46 W. R., 76, 77, 431, 376, 373.
/46 W. R., 77, 449.
1 This estimate is made by dedncting-, from the 4687 troops on Folly Island,
484 for the 6th Connecticut, and an estimate of 600 for the artillery, and tak-
'"ff f; of the remainder for the 7th New Hampshire, 62d and 67th Ohio, and
100th New York, which constitnted Putnam's bripade.
^ In the aasaultinp;' column, 246 were hit in 1000.
' It is assnmed that 14 of the 28 hit by the bombardment were struck by the
naval projectiles. (.See 46 W. R., 418.)
* The .'.Ist North Carolin,a numbered at least 474 (46 W. R., 4.54), and the
3l8t North C.-iroIina 412, if it was of the average strength of Clingman's
brigade (45 W. R., 946,947).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 105
Killed, 36. Wounded, 133. Total, 169.' » Missing, 5."
Hit in 1000, 95. Hit by 1000, 631.
»46W. R., 406.
CmCKAMAUGA, SEPTEMBER 19, 20, 1863.
UNION ABMT.
Army of the Cumberland, infantry and artillery pre-
sent for duty September 10 ' 57,373 »
22d Michigan, 69th and 89th Ohio 1,391
58,764
Deduct 2 brigades and 5 regiments,' estimated at . . 4,845 '
Total engaged 53,919
Cavalry, ex. Lowe's brigade 9,504 <■
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery, and 85 per cent, of cavalry * 58,222
Killed, 1657. Wounded, 9756. Total, 11,413.« Missing, 4757.''
Hit in 1000, 196. Hit by 1000, 292.
CONFEDEBATE ABMT.
Army of Tennessee, infantry and artillery present for
duty August 20 « 33,195 '
« 50 W. R., 169. ' 50 W. R., 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, and notes. <= 50 W. R.,
169 and note e. "^ 50 W. R., 179. ' 53 W. R., 519.
^ In the assanlting colamn. 246 were Iiit in 1000.
' Consisting of the 14th, 20th, 21st, and reserve corps, less Cobnm's brigade
of 1987 (50 W. R., 169, note rf).
« 9th Michigan and 38th Ohio, estimated at -^^ of 14th corps = 898, Post's
brigade and 39th Indiana, estimated at ^5 of 20th corps = 1720, and Wag-
ner's brigade, 21st Kentucky, 5 companies of 1st Kentucky, and 110th Illinois
battalion, estimated at -^ of 2l8t corps = 2227.
* Probably about 200 should be deducted for non-effectives in 6 regiments
of infantry serving mounted.
' Including losses in skirmishes, September 21, 22 (50 W. R., 169, note).
< Excluding general headquarters and provost guard.
106 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 30,871
Effectives in Breckinridge's and Preston's divisions,
Walker's corps, and Gregg's and McN air's brigades ' 15,253 •''
Effectives of Longstreet's corps, estimated at 93 per
cent, of 6390 ' present for duty 5,942 '
Effectives in cavalry, estimated at 85 per cent, of
11,018 present for duty 9,365*
Effectives in Pegram's cavalry division, estimated at
85 per cent, of 5759 present for duty .... 4,895 •'
Total engaged 6(),326
KiUed,2312. Wounded, 14,674. Total, 16,986.«-' Missing, 1468.>
Hit in 1000, 259. Hit by 1000, 172.
/ 51 W. R., 197, 202, 420, 243, 497, 501. » 51 W. R., 291 ; 49 W. R., 681-
683. * 53 W. R., 518. ' 35 W. R., 945, 940. > Reg. Losses, 551.
CHATTAKOOGA, NOVEMBER 2S-25, 1868.
UNIOK ARMY.
Present for duty in 4tli,^ 11th, 14th, 15th, and 17th
corps and artillery reserves 63,010 "
Deduct 17 regiments ' 5,139 "
57,871
" 55 W. R., 12, 13. » 55 W. R., 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, notes.
' These forces joined the Army of Tennessee after August 20. (Compare 51
W. R., U-20, with 53 W. K., 515-518, 578, 591, 692 ; 35 VV. R., 945, 940.)
" The number present for duty is estimated proportionately to the number of
regiments at if^jf of Hood's and McLaws's divisions. General Longstreet's
estimate of .'>0<)0 as the number carried into action (Manassas Ut Appomattox,
p. 458) probal>ly omits officers, and perhaps assumes that Jenkins's brigade,
which joined Hood's division September 11, was included in the return of
August 31. General Longstreet's estimate (p. 4.58) of 59.'242 as the number
engaged September "20 omits the troops from Buckner's command.
^ Probably the losses of 13th, %3d, and 1.54th Tennessee are not included, aa
they are not stated in the reports contained in tlie War Records.
* Ex. corps headquarters (318) and Ist brigade and artillery reserve, Ist
division. 4tli corps (i.'in'i) (."iS W. R., 1'2 and note).
* 3()th. Slst, and S4th Indiana, 1 15th Illinois, and 77th Pennsylvania, estimated
at fy of 4th corps (IS")*!), 3d brigade, 1st division ; 14th Michigan, 3d Ohio, and
18th Kentucky, estimated at J j:| of 14th corps (34S5) ; and 15th Michigan, esti-
mated at ^ of 15th corps (298).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 107
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 53,820
Effectives in 2d division, 12th corps * 2,539 «
Total engaged 56,359
KUled, 753. Wounded, 4722. Total, 5475.'' Missing, 349.''
Hit in 1000, 97. Hit by 1000, 44.
CONFEDERATE ABMT.
Present for duty, infantry and artillery, October 31,
Army of Tennessee * 35,720 '
Present for duty in Moore's brigade, and 8 regiments
from Buekner's division * 3,223/
Present for duty in Buckner's division artilleiy, esti-
mated at 255 '
Present for duty in Stevenson's division, infantry and
artillery, December 10 5,691
K
44,889
Deduct Johnson's brigade (2 regiments) and 4l8t
Alabama ' 879 *
44,010
' 55 W. K., 390. << 55 W. R., 88. ' 55 W. R., 650 ; 56 W. R., 615 et seq.
/ 55 W. R., 658, 659, note. " 55 W. R., e-jfi, 659, note. * 55 W. R., 6.57 ; 56
W. R, 783. • 56 W. R., 618 ; 55 W. R., 659, note.
' The memorandum of troops engaged (55 W. R., 14) omits 2d division, 14th
corps. It is here included, because it was in the presence of the enemy. K it
should be excluded, it would reduce the number engaged to about 51,000.
* Including the few casualties November 26 and 27 (55 W. R., 80, note).
' Ex. Hood's, McLaws's, and Buckner's divisions, and the corps staffs ;
also J of Longstreet's artillery (estimated at 750), of which 3 batteries remained
with Walker's division (50 W. R., 620; 55 W. R., 600). Gregg's brigade was
distributed in Bate's, Maney's, and Smith's (56 W. R., ()85).
* Moore's brigade was not included in the organization of October 31. There
were eight regiments transferred after October 31 from Buckner's division to
Reynolds's, Jackson's, Lewis's, and the Florida brigades. They were the 58th
North Carolina, .54th and 03d Virginia, OSth Georgia, 5th Kentucky, 6th and
7th Florida, and 1st Florida cavalry. These regiments are estimated at 293,
the average strength per regiment of the rest of the infantry.
<■ Two regiments of Johnson's brigade transferred from Stewart's division,
and the 41st Alabama from Breckinridge's division to Buckner's division, after
October 31, were absent with Backner, and are above estimated at the average
of 293 per regiment.
108 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
EfiEectives estimated at 93 per cent 40,929
Losses in Stevenson's division, November 24, 25 380 •'
Present for duty October 31, in 17^ regiments '
cavalry 5713
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent 4,856
Total engaged 46,165
KiUed, 361. Wounded, 2160. Total, 2521. Missing, 4146. *
(Not including Reynolds's brigade or cavalry, for which there are
no returns.) '
Hit in 1000, 55. Hit by 1000, 118.
.* 55 W. R, 724. * Reg. Losses, 551. ' See 55 W. R., 684, 724
MINE BUN, NOVEMBER 27-DECEMBER 1, 1863.
UNION ARMY.
Army of Potomac, infantry and artillery pre-
sent for duty, November 20, 1863 .... 71,131"
Deduct general headquarters staff, guards, and
orderlies, provost guard, signal corps, and en-
gineers 2015
Deduct 3d division, 1st corps, estimated at ^| of
coi-ps 3500 5,515'
65,616
Cavalry corps present for duty, except 2 brigades, Ist
division, estimated at /j of the corps (3000) . . 10,143 "
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry 69,643
Killed, 173. Wounded, 1099. Total, 1272.'* Missing, 381."
Hit in 1000, 18. Hit by 1000, 10.
OONTEDERATE ABMT.
Army of Northern Virginia present for duty Novem-
ber 20. 1863, infantry and artillery 40,748 •
Cavalry 7,684*
48,432
» 4S W. R., 677. " 48 W. R., 677. « 48 W. R., 675-677. ^ 48 W. R., 686.
• 48 W. R., 82.3.
* These rcpments do not seem to have been absent with General Wheeler.
Grigsby's and Davidson's commands seem to have acted with the infantry {!>!i
W. R., 670, 708). If the rest were not present, about 2400 should be deducted.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 109
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent o£ infantry and
artillery and 85 per cent of cavalry 44,426/
Killed, 110. Wounded, 570. Total, 680.-^ Missing, 65.
Hit in 1000, 15. Hit by 1000, 28.
/ 48 W. E., 838, 900, 901 ; Keg. Loagcs, 551.
OLU8TEE, FLA., FEBKUARY 20, 1864.
UHION ABMT.
Seymour's command, effectives, estimated at 93 per
cent of entire force 5,115"
Killed, 203. Wounded, 1152. Total, ISSS." Missing, 506.
Hit in 1000, 265. Hit by 1000, 183.
CONFBDEBATE AHXY.
Finegan's command, effectives 5,200'
Killed, 93. Wounded, 841. Total, 934."
Hit in 1000, 180. Hit by 1000, 260.
<» 65 W. R., 288, 298. ''65 W. R., 331, 333.
PLEASANT HILL, APRIL 9, 1864.
UKION ABUT.
Present for duty of 16th ' and 19th " corps .... 12,897 »
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent * 11,994
Loss April 8 347 »
11,647
Cavalry, effectives 1,000 "
Total engaged 12,647
Killed, 150. Wounded, 844. Total, 994."' Missing, 375."
Hit in 1000, 78. Hit by 1000, 79.
" 61 W. R., 167, 168, 258, 274. » 61 W. R., 263. ' 61 W. R., 459. <* 61
W. R., 260, 263, 313, 459.
' Ist and 3d dirisions of 16th corps, ex. * of 1st division (800) deducted for
.5th Miimegota and 8th Wisconsin, which were not engaged (61 W. R., 321, 322).
'•' Ist division only. General Banks says that the colored brigade was at
Pleasant Hill in the morning, but it was not in line, and suffered no logs if it
was there during the action, and it is therefore not included here. (See 61 W.
R., 201, 25S, 261.)
* The "effective strength" returned (61 W. R., 263) was merely the re-
mainder of the present for duty March 31, after deducting the loss of April 8.
110 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
CONFEDERATE ABMY.
Taylor's command, April 8, including Green's cavalry,
effectives, about 11,000 "
Churchill's and Farsons's divisions, about .... '4,300'^
15,300
Deduct loss April 8 1,000 »
Total engaged 14,300
Killed and wounded, about 1000.' * Missing, 500.*
Hit in 1000, 70. Hit by 1000, 69.
= 61 W. R., 4S4. /61 W. R., 563. » 61 W. R., 553. » 61 W. R., 184, 553,
569.
WILDERNESS, MAT 5-7, 1864
UNION ABSIY.
Present for duty April 30, in 2d, 5th, 6th, and
9th corps,' and Kitcbing's artillery brig-
ade 96,507°
Deduct 35th Massachusetts and 7th Rhode
Island, estimated at i\j of 9th corps ■* . . 924 '
95,583
Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent. . . . 88,892
Cavalry corps, less 4th New York, estimated
at,V 15,298 <^
Effectives, estimated at 85 per cent. . . . 13,003
Total engaged 101,895
Killed, 224G. Wounded, 12,037. Total, 14,283. Missing, 3383."
Hit in 1000, 140.
« 67 W. R., 198, 285, 287, 915. ' 67 W.R., 131, notes, 113. ^67W.R., 114,
note, 198. '' 67 W. R., 133.
* Three hundred U added for ofBceis to the " 4000 bayonets " said to have
been present. General Smith, in his report of August 28, ^ve the strength of
these divisions as ."jOOO in March (C.l W. R., 484).
' In the divisions of Churchill and Parsons, there were 459 killed and
wounded, and 1 14 missing (61 W. R., 003-60.")).
' Including only Ist, 2d, and 3d divisions, 9th corps.
* Including only 2d and 3d corps, artillery and unattached corps, ex. pro-
vost guard, scouts, guides, and couriers.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 111
CONFEDERATE AKMT.
Army of Northern Virginia, April 20, infan-
try and artillery * present for duty . . . 45,205 '
Longstreet's corps,'' March 31, present for
duty 10,428/
R. D. Johnston's brigade,' present for duty • 2,178 e
57,811
Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent. . . . 53,764
Cavalry present for duty 8,543 *
Effectives, estimated at 85 per cent. . . . 7,261
61,025
For estimate of loss, see note 31
Hit by 1000, 234.
« 60 W. R., 1297, 1298. / 59 W. R., 721, 722. e 68 W. R., 97-1 ; 67 W. R.,
1024, 1071 ; 60 W. R., 1297, 1.307. * 60 W. R., 1298.
1 Includinf^ Law's brigade (returned in Buckner's division), estimated pro-
portionately to the number of regiments in Field's and Law's divisions at 1270.
''■ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments and strength of
Rodes's division.
' Reports of losses exist for only 70 out of the 182 regiments. These losses
amount to 1917 killed and wounded (67 W. R., 1062, 1064, 1069, lO'lS, 1091).
Nearly all of these reports were written long after the battle, and, in view
of the incessant movement and fighting which followed the Wilderness, it is
difficult to believe that the casualties were stated in them from actual count.
They cannot be accepted as correct. The returns of Ewell's corps for April 20
show that, including R. D. Johnston's brigade, it had about 18,148 effectives.
General EweU reports a loss of only 12.50, equal to 68 in 1000. His corps was
hotly engaged on both days, and without doubt suffered at least the average
loss. The relative strength of the armies was, as above shown, about 6 to 10.
The fighting was close, each side was alternately on the offensive and defen-
sive, and the Confederate army lost ground. It is impossible to believe that
in these circumstances Ewell's corps could have inflicted so great and suffered
so small a loss. In the battle of Chancellorsville, in the same thickets, the two
armies, in about the same proportionate strength, contended three days, no more
fiercely (the first day's fighting was not heavy), and although the Confederates
gained ground, they lost there and at Fredericksburg (where they occupied
earthworks) 187 in 1000. It is not credible that in the Wilderness they gave
ground with a loss of 68 in 1000. As the heaviest losses were probably sus-
tained in Hill's and a part of Longstreet's corps, it is not extravagant to esti-
mate the Confederate loss per thousand at the average loss of the Union army
in these two battles, 127, which would give a total of 7750.
' 16^50 "
112 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
8POTT8YLVANIA, MAY 10, 1864,
ONION ARMY.
Present for duty April 30, 1864, in 2d corps . . . 28,675"
Present for duty April 30, 1864, in 40 regiments, Sth
corps
Present for duty April 30, 1864, in 12 regiments, 6th
corps ' 6,012"
50,937
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 47,371
Deduct loss, May 5-7 (8297) and May 8, 9 (1252)' . 9,549 "^
Total engaged .... 37,822
Killed, 753. Wounded, 3347. Total, 4100.«
Hit in 1000, 108.
0 67 W. R., 198, 331-333. » 67 W. R., 198, 597 ; Va. Camp., 81. ' 67 W. R.,
198, 667. " Va. Camp., 72. ' Va. Camp., 89.
The Records do not show the Confederate numbers.
8POTTSYLVANIA, MAY 12, 1864.
UNION ARMY.
Effectives in 2d, 5th, 6th, and 9th corps * . 88,892 •
Losses May 5-7 16,900 >>
Losses May 8-10 6,207 23,107*
Total engaged 65,785
Killed and wounded, 6020."' Missing, 800."
Hit in 1000, 91. /<.
" Ante, p. 110. '67 W. R., 130-133. ' Va. Camp., 72, 89. <* Va. Camp., 105.
1 3d and 4th divisions and Ist and 2d brigades, 3d division, estimated pro-
portionally to the number of regiments at JJ of the corps.
2 Intimated at } of the corps of 48 regiments.
* Estimated to include JJ of the loss of the 5th corps and } the loss of the
6th corps.
♦ The loss of 57th New Tork, 2d Wisconsin, and 79th New York is assnmed
.to have offset the gain of 35th Ma-^sachusetts and 7th Rhode Island. (See ante,
p. 110; 67 W. R., 137, 143, 149, notes.)
' General Humphreys's estimate of the number of killed and wounded of the
original Army of the Potomac in the combats of May 8-10, 12, and 18, amoont-
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 113
The Records do not show the Confederate numbers.
The Confederate loss in prisoners was aboot 4000, and their total
loss was estimated by Generals Humphreys and Hancock at 9000
to 10,000 (67 W. R., 337 ; Va. Camp., 106).
■ The combats of May 5-12 may justly be treated as one battle.
In this battle the Union army lost 26,815 killed and wounded, and
4183 missing, or 263 in 1000. Without the cavalry the loss was
26,302 killed and wounded, or 296 in 1000 (67 W. R., 133 ; Va.
Camp., 72, 89, 105).
DREWET'S bluff, mat 12-16, 18M.
UiaON AEMT.
Present for duty May 31, 1864, in | of 10th and
18th corps,' estimated at 12,730 "
Add losses May 7-31 ^ 4,260
16,990
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 15,800
KiUed, 390. Wounded, 2380. Total, 2770.'" Missing, 1390.'
Hit in 1000, 175. Hit by 1000, 181.
CONFEDERATE ABMT.'^
Present for duty February 29 in Corse's and
Hoke's brigades 3,358 "*
Present May 16, 21, in brigades of Barton,
Johnson, Hagood, Colquitt, and Clingman 7,905"
Add loss May 16 in Colquitt's and Cling-
man's brigades 394-'
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of . . 11,657 = 10,841
0 69 W. R., 427. » Reg. Losses, 546. ' 68 W. R., 199 et seq. << 60 W. R.,
1201. ' 68 W. R., 234, 241-245, 255 ; 69 W. R., 817. / 68 W. R., 205.
ing to 13,268 (Va. Camp., 72, 89, 104, 115), falls short of the number given in
67 W. R., 149, for the casualties May 8-21, by 196. This number may have
been lost in skirmishes not taken into accoant by him.
1 1st and 2d divisions 18th corps (20 regiments), Turner's division (9 re^-
ments), 9 regiments of Terry's and 2 regiments of Ames's division with artillery
(68 W. R., 36, 48, 50, 81, 13-16). All but one of these regimente were embraced
in the new organization of these army corps of May 30, numbering 48 regiments.
2 Loss May 18-31 estimated at 100. Only three of the regiments shared in
thU loss (G8 W. R., 40; 107 W. R., 1235, 1237), one of them, 39th Illinois, lo^
ing 51 May 20 (68 W. R., 13, 48, 49).
114 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Effectives May 10 in Grade's (1578), May 21
in Ransom's brigade (1800), plus loss, 205 . . . 3,583 '
Effectives estimated in Kemper's brigade ' at 1960,
and 3d North Carolina and 5th and 7th South
Carolina cavalry at 720 2,680 *
Effectives (estimated) in artillery May 21, 850, plus
losses May 16 (71) 921 *
Total engaged 18,025
Killed, 355. Wounded, 1941. Total, 2296.^ Missing, 210 (re-
ported ).■'
Killed and wounded in Kemper's and Corse's brigades, estimated
at 564.- Total, 2860.
Hit in 1000, 158. Hit by 1000, 154.
» 68 W. R., 988, 205 ; 69 W. R. 817. * 68 W. R., 901 ; 67 W. R., 1027 ; 60
W. R., 1298, 1201, 1232, 1299. * 68 W. R., 205 ; 69 W. R., 819. > 68 W. R., 205.
COLD HARBOR, JUNE 1-3, 1864.
UNION AHMY.
Present for duty May 31 in 2d, 5th, 6th, and 9th corps 88,350 "
Reinforcements June 1 3,727 *'
W. F. Smith's command 10,000 '
102,077
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 94,931
Cavalry corps, effectives, estimated at 85 per cent, of
15,266 present for duty 12,976 <*
Total engaged 107,907
Killed and wounded, about 12,000.'"
Hit in 1000, about 111."
» 60 W. R., 426. » 67 W. R., 87. " 67 W. R., 999. ■' 69 W. R., 426. " 67
W. R., 180.
' In the six brigades with which Hoke joined there were 11,000 muskets
(68 W. R., 991).
^ In the absence of returns, it is not extravagant to estimate the losses in
these brigades at the same per cent, aa that of the loss in the rest of the army,
as they seem to have been hotly engaged (68 W. R., 20.'5, 212, 213).
* The returns (which inchide the losses of June 1 ; see 07 W. R., 166 note)
give 10,922 killed and wounded and 1816 missing. General Humphreys (Va.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 115
y
PETEKSBDRG, JUNE 15-18, 1864
UNION ABMY.
Present for duty May 31 in 2d, 5th, 9th, and 18th
77 438 a
corps ' ' '*''°
21st Pennsylvania cavalry and 4th Delaware . . . 1,453 ^
1 78,891
Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent 73,368
Deduct losses June 2-15 9,571
Total engaged 63,797
Killed and wounded, about 8150.' °
Hit in 1000, about 128.
CONFEDBKATE AKMT.
Present for duty May 21 in Hoke's division . . . 7,125 **
Present for duty May 31 in Grade's brigade . . . 2,517 '
Present for duty June 10 in Johnston's division . . 5,035^
Present for duty June 30 in Hill's corps, and Field's
and Kershaw's divisions 23,006 "
39,683
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 36,905
Effectives in Dearing's cavalry, estimated at 85 per
cent, of 1911 present for duty June 10 ... . 1,624
38,529
0 69 W. R., 426, 427 ; 80 W. E., 721. " 67 W. R., 87. -^ 67 W. R., 180.
<* 09 W. R., 817. « 69 W. R., 861. / 69 W. R., 890. » 81 W. R., 707.
Camp., 191) Bays that no donbt most of the missing were killed or wounded,
and on this authority the number as returned is above increased 1078 by esti-
mate. The number of wounded brought to the field hospitals Jnne 1 and 2
was 4232 (07 W. R., 24-'3, 244), which indicates that at least 5170 were killed
and wounded on those days, leaving not over 7000 for the number killed and
wounded (08 in 1000) in the assault of June .3, which has been commonly
regarded as much more destructive ; 891-3 wounded were brought to the field
hospitaU June \-A. (See 07 W. R. 24:1-246.)
1 The reinforcements June 1, not above included, not exceeding 2274, shonld
be added if they were assigned to these corps.
2 Va. Camp., 224. General Humphreys includes only 700 killed and wounded
in 18th corps. Possibly the number was greater. (See 80 W. R., 214-216,
237 ; 107 W. R , 209).
116 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Estimate of loss June 15-18 in Hill's corps and
Field's and Kershaw's divisions 2,970 '
Total engaged, about 41,499
THE MINE, JULY 30, 1864.
UNION ABUT.
Present for duty July 31 in 9th corps 11,240 "
Present for duty July 31 in 2d division, 10th corps ' 5,295 '
Present for duty July 31 in 3d brigade, 1st division,
18th corps' 1,648-^
18,183
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 16,910
Add losses July 30 3,798'*
Total engaged 20,708
Killed and wounded, 2864.^ Missing, < 929."
Hit in 1000, 138.
CONFEDEBATE ABHY.
Present for duty July 10 in Johnston's division . . 6,907-''
Present for duty July 10 in Sanders's, Mahone's, and
Wright's brigade of Mahone's division . . . . ' 3,740 »
» 82 W. R., 728. » 80 W. R., 698 ; 82 W. R., 737-739. ' 80 W. R., 717 ; 82
W. R., 737, 730-741. -^ 80 W. R., 249. '80 W. R., 249. /80 W. R., 787 et
seq. ; 82 W. R., 761. « 80 W. R., 787 et seq. ; 82 W. R., 761 ; 88 W. R., 1217 ;
Va. Camp., 260.
' Estimated at the ratio of loss in the Union army. There is no retnm of
the Confederate loss. General Humphreys says his own observations led him
to believe they were severe (Va. Camp., 225).
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at \\.^ of 10th
corps.
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regfiments at jj.5 of 18th
corps. This brigade engaged the enemy from its intrenchments.
* General Lee, while reporting only 929 prisoners, asserts that there were
700 Union dead (80 W. R., 7.j.'!). In view of this, and of the fact that the num-
ber returned as wonnded does not bear the usual ratio to the number of killed,
it is assumed that 484 of those returned as " missing " were killed or wounded.
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at y of Mahone's
division.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 117
Present for duty July 10 in Colquitt's brigade and
61st North Carolina, of Hoke's division ' . . . . 1,684 *
12,331
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 11,466
* 80 W. R., 787, 791 ; 82 W. E., 761 ; 88 W. R., 1227.
The returns for Johnston's division and Colquitt's brigade give
619 killed and wounded, and 563 missing. There are no returns of
casualties for Mahone's division or 61st North Carolina.
DEEP BOTTOM, AUGUST 14-19, 1864.
UNION AKMY.
Present for duty July 31 in 2d corps and
Gregg's cavalry 19,072 '
Present for duty August 31 in 10th corps . 11,228 *
Add losses August 13-20 in 10th corps . . 1,678 '
12,906
Deduct 5^ for 5 regiments ' 1,898
Present for duty August 13 11,008
Total present for duty 30,080
Effectives August 14, estimated at 93 per cent. . . 27,974
Killed, 328. Wounded, 1852. Total, 2180. Missing, 721."'
Hit in 1000, 78.
C0N7BDERATE AEMV.
Present for duty August 31 in Field's, Mahone's,
Wilcox's, Hampton's, and W. H. F. Lee's divisions,
and Johnson's and Gary's brigades 20,343 '
EflEectives estimated at 93 per cent 18,908
" 82 W. R., 728. ' 88 W. R., 618. « 87 W. R., 120. '' 87 W. R., 121.
«Va. Camp., 269; 87 W. R., 878, 879; 88 W. R., 1177, 1180, 1189,1213,
1214.
^ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at ^ of Hoke's di-
vision.
' Ist brigade, 2d division (4 regiments), was left behind (87 W. R., 99). It is
assumed tliat, as o7th N. J. (anattached) does not appear in the regiments suffer-
ing loss, it was not present. 2d brigade, 3d dirision, had been absorbed in 18th
corps, August 3 (87 W. R., 109).
118 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Anderson's cavalry and 3 regiments from Pickett's
division I.IOO-''
Engaged 20,008'
There are no returns of Confederate losses.
/ 87 W. R., 879 ; 88 W. R., 1177.
WELDON RAILROAD, AUGUST 18-21, 1864.
CNION ARMY.
5th army corps, effectives, August 31 11,382 »
Loss August 18-21 3,959 »
1st and 3d division 9th corps, effectives, August 19." 4,948 "
Total engaged 20,289
Killed, 198. Wounded, 1105. Total, 1303. Missing, 3152 »
Hit in 1000, 64. Hit by 1(»00, 59.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
Hill's corps, effectives, August 31, estimated at 93 per
cent, of 13,385 present for duty 12.448 <^
Add losses below and August 25 2,339 ''
14,787
Killed and wounded, estimated at 1200." Missing, 419."
Hit in 1000, 81. Hit by 1000, 88.
" 87 W. R., 39, 432, 589, 590 ; 88 W. R., 616, 617. «■ 87 W. R., 432. ^ 88
W. R., 1214. ^ 87 W. R., 940. « 87 W. R., 430, 431.
' To thU should be added the losses August 14-19, of which there is no
account.
^ Kstimated at \ of 9th corps.
' There is no report of the total casualties in the records. In Hagood's brig-
ade, wh;.'.h took 681 enlisted men into action, 14 killed and 12.j wounded were
reported, besides those left on the field (87 W. R., 037). General Lee reported
of the Confederate attack on the 19th that his loss was " believed " to be smaller
than that of the enemy (p. 851). General Warren reported the capture of 139
wounded and the burial of 211 Confederate dead (p. 431). Lender these cir-
cumstances, and in view of the fact that the Confederates attacked vigorously
on three days and were repulsed on two of them, it seems safe to assume, as
above, that the wounded were in the average ratio of 4.8 to the 211 killed.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 119
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN, MAY, 1864.
(Inclading Buzzard's Roost, Snake Creek Gap, and New Hope
Church.)*
UNION AKMT.
Effectives April 30, 1864 m0,123«
Killed and wounded, 10,528.' Missing,' 1240.»
Hit in 1000, 96. Hit by 1000, 83.
CONFIDEBATE ABMT.
Present for duty April 30, Army of Ten-
nessee, infantry and artillery, ex. staffs
and escorts 46,219 =
Present for duty April 30, Army of Tennes-
see, cavalry 7,813 «
Present for duty May 10, in Loring's and
French's divisions and Sears's brigade . 9,558 "*
Present for duty May 10 in Jackson's divi-
sion, cavalry 2,756 ■*
Present for duty in Reynolds's brigade,
June 10 *3,042<'
Present for duty in 40th Mississippi and
49th Alabama June 10 *650.
10,569 59,469
Effectives estimated at 85 percent, of cavalry
and 93 per cent of infantry and artillery 8,983 55,306
o 72 W. R., 117. 6 72 W. R., 117 ; 73 W. R., 578, 679, 912 ; 74 W. R., 94,
96, 402, 404. -^ 74 W. R., 676. ■* 74 W. R., 619, 676, 677, 899, 686, 869, 706;
75 W. R., 691, 662. ' 74 W. R., 645, 677 ; 75 W. R., 691, 724
' The returns do not give the casualties for these actions separately.
^ The namber of effectives given in the returns is adopted, as it is very near
the number to be arrived at by computing the effectives at the usual per cent, of
tlie number present for duty May 31 (75 W. R., .S73), plus the casualties in May.
' This number should probably be slightly increased for losses in minor
affairs not specified in the returns. The loss in the cavalry of Army of Cum-
berland is estimated at j the total loss for 4 months.
* This is the remainder left by deducting 1643 present f<r duty in Cantey's
brigade April .30 from the number present for duty in the division June 10.
It is, perhaps, subject to a slight increase for loss prior to June 10.
^ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at J of Loring's di-
vision, June 10.
120 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Effectiyes in Mercer's brigade and 37th
Mississippi '1,800-''
Total effectives » 66,089
Killed and wounded," GIST."
Hit in 1000, 139. Hit by 1000, 160.
/ 74 W. E., 614, 676, note ; 75 W. R., 681, 732. » 74 W. R., 686, 687, 949.
ASSAULT ON KENESAW MOUNTAIN, JUNE 27, 1864.
UNION ARMY.
Present for duty June 30 in 2d division, 4th corps,
and 2d division, 15th corps 7,683 "
Present for duty June 30 in 1st brigade, 1st division,
4th corps * 1,757 <■
Present for duty June 30 in 2d and 3d brigades, 2d
division, 14th corps ' 4,418 "
Present for duty June 30 in 2d brigade, 4th division,
15th corps • 1,383 "
15,241
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 14,174
Casualties June 27, as below 2,051
Total engaged ' 16,225
•• 75 W. R., 661, 052 ; 72 W. R., 68, 151, 199, 224, 295, 296, 380, 506, 6;32.
* This number probably should be increased by about 200 for officers.
^ General Johnston's estimate of 40,900 effective infantry and artillery, and
about 4000 cavalry, in the Army of the Tennessee at the opening of the cam-
paign, apparently omits Martin's division of cavalry, and if so it corresponds
snbstantially to the above estimate, with officers omitted.
' This does not include loss in Jackson's cavalry division, for which there is
no return. In view of loss in Wheeler's cavalry, it probably did not exceed
100. (See 74 W. R., 949, 61.5, 616).
* Kstimated proportionately to the number of regiments at ^ of the division.
^ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at 5 of the division.
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at fj of the division.
' The attempt here is to state the numbers of the troops that moved out of
the works, and all here included moved forward in the assault except the 1st
brigade, 1st division, 4th corps, which only passed out of the works. The loss
of 100 attributed above to this brigade perhaps was suffered in part by the
other brigades of same division. The troops on both sides all along the line,
and the Army of the Ohio in another field far to the right, engaged the enemy,
but did not take part in the assault. The total loss of the Union farces this
day waa nearly 3000 (72 W. R., 69).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 121
Killed and wounded, 1999. Missing, 52."
Hit in 1000, 123. Hit by 1000, 16.
COKFEDEKATE ABUT.
Present for duty June 30 in Cleburne's, Cheatham's,
and Featherston's divisions, 5 of French's and
Walthall's divisions,' and J of artillery in Army of
Mississippi 18,604 "^
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 17,301
Losses June 27, as below 432
Total engaged 17,733
Killed and wounded, 270. Missing, 172.''
Hit in 1000, 15. Hit by 1000, 113.
!> 72 W. R., 205, 224, 637 ; 74 W. R., 179, 318. ' 74 W. R., 617, 901, 923,
652, 653, 678. <* 74 W. R., 703, 870.
TUPELO, MISS., JXJLT 13-15, 1864.
UinON ABUT.
A. J. Smith's command, about ' 14,000 «
KiUed, 77. Wounded, 559. Total, 636." Missing, 38."
Hit in 1000, 45. Hit by 1000, 95.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
S. D. Lee's command, effectives, about • 6,600 "
Killed, 210. Wounded, 1116. Total, 1326."
Hit in 1000, 201. Hit by 1000, 96.
° 77 W. R., 250, 256. » 78 W. R., 675-677 ; 77 W. R., 322, 329, 324.
' The reports of GeneraU French and Walthall show that about one half
their divisions engaged in the repulse. It is not made clear by the reports
whether all the other Confederate divisions above named opened fire.
^ The Kecords do not afford the means of determining whether this number,
as given by General Smith, includes only effectives.
' General Forrest reported that hw force " did not exceed 5000," but the num-
ber present for duty June 30, in the three divisions, deducting \ from Chal-
mers's and \ from Buford's for commands not present, was 6112, and Mabry's
brigade of 1000 is to be added, besides the artUlery, and about 700 infantry
reported by General Forrest as present under Lyon. It is to be inferred that the
5000 reported included only the men present in the cavalry. Adding 900 for
officers and artillery, and 700 for infantry, gives a total of 6600.
122 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN TEE CiVIL WAR
FEACH-TREE CREEK, JULY 20, 1864.
UinON ABHT.
Present for duty in 2d division, 4th corps, 20th corps,
and 1st brigade,' 1st division, 14th corps, . . . 21,655"
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. (ex. 20th corps,
headquarters) 20,139
Killed and wounded, about 1600.'
Hit in 1000, 79. Hit by 1000, 124.
CONFEDERATE ARMT.
Present for duty July 10 in Stewart's corps (Army of
Mississippi) and Walker's and Cheatham's divisions 20,250 "
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 18,832
Killed and wounded, about 2500.' "^
Hit in 1000, 133. Hit by 1000, 85.
» 72 W. R., 71, 156 ; 75 W. R., 651. «• 72 W. R., 156. ' 74 W. R., 630, 698,
659,679. ''72W. R., 71.
ATLANTA, JULY 22, 1864 (HOOD'S ATTACK).
UNION AKMT.
Present for duty June 30 in 1st, 2d, and 4th divisions,
15th corps 12,067-
Present for duty June 30, left wing 16th corps (ex.
cavalry and headquarters) * 11,078 "
Present for duty June 30, 3d and 4th divisions, 17th
corps* . . . • 9,329<'
Present for duty June 30, 3d division, 1st brigade,'
2d division, 23d corps 2.389"
34.863
« 72 W. R., 73 ; 73 W. R., 516, 517; 74 W. R., 102. 103, 369, 542, 576 ;
75 W. R., 663.
' Bstimatecl proportionately to the iminber of regiments at ^ of the divi-
sioii = 2792 (72 W. R., 94, 95).
' Estimated from the number of dead left on the field. General Sherman
estimated the enemy's loss at nearly .5000. In the absence of the basis for
this estimate, the writer does not venture to adopt it.
' Excluding od brigade, 2d division, and 3d brigade, 4th division, vhicb were
not with the array (72 W. R., 107, lOS, note).
* ^ deducted for 4.ith Illinois, which was absent (72 W. R., 109, note).
' Estimated at -^ of 2d division.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 123
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 32,422
Loss in July prior to 22d ' 1,945 '
30,477
Killed, 430. Wounded, 1559. Total, 1989.' Missing, » 1733. '
Hit in 1000, 65. Hit by 1000, 229.
COITFXDEBATi: ABHY.
Present for duty July 10 in Hardee's corps . . . 16,537 "*
Present for duty July 10 in Cheatham's (Hood's) corps 15,492 "*
Present for duty July 10 in Wheeler's corps . . . 8,409''
'40,438
Effectives estimated at * 36,934
Killed and wounded, about 7000.' Missing, 1000.'
Hit in 1000, 190. Hit by 1000, 53.
!■ 74 W. R., 103, 382, 541, .544. ' 74 W. E., 29. <> 74 W. K., 631, 679.
« 72 W. R., 75 ; 74 W. E., 28, 29.
1 Possibly 300 should be added for losses in 23d corps (73 W. R., 704, 721,
730).
' The ratio of woniided to killed is less than the nsnal one. Some of those
reported as missing, perhaps, were wounded or killed.
' This number should be reduced by the casualties between July 10 and 22 ;
but as Hardee*s corps was not much eng'aged, and Cheatham's not at all, July
21, their casualties could not have been many in this period.
* Estimated at 85 per cent, of Wheeler's corps and 93 per cent, of the re-
mainder.
^ There are reports of casualties for only 4 of the 14 infantry brigades en-
gaged. These reports give 224 killed, 904 wounded, and 315 missing. A
proportionate loss in the other 10 brigades would make a total of 4648 killed
and wounded, to which should be added the loss in the cavalry. General Logan
reported the burial or delivery to the Confederates of over 1900 dead, and
that his army took 1000 wounded and 1017 unwonnded prisoners (74 W. E.,
28, 29). The usual proportion of wounded would give a total of 10,900
killed and wounded ; but the usual proportion wounded, including mortally
wounded, to killed was 2.5 (Reg. Losses, 24). The mean would be about
8700. General Sherman estimated the Confederate loss at 8000 (72 W. E.,
75.) This estimate is here adopted, and 1000 nnwounded prisoners deducted to
arrive at the killed and wounded. A lower estimate would not justify General
Hardee's characterization of the battle as " one of the most desperate and
bloody of the war " (74 W. E., 699). The fact that the Confederate returns
for July 31 give only 3219 less present for duty in the two corps than those
for July 10 (74 W. E., 679, 680) is inexpUcable.
124 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
ATLANTA, JULY 28, 1864.
UNION ABMT.
Present for duty July 31, 1864, in Ist, 2d, and 4th
divisions, 15th corps 9,227 "
Present for duty July 31, 1864, in 4 regiments,* 16th
corps 2,446"
Present for duty July 31, 1864, in 6 regiments,' 17th
corps 1,869"
13,542
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 12,594
Losses stated below 632
Total engaged 13,226
Killed and wounded, 559. Missing, 73.'
Hit in 1000, 42. Hit by 1000, 310.
CONFEDERATE ARMT.
Present for duty July 31 in Lee's (Hood's) corps ' . 12,321 «
Present for duty July 31 in Walthall's division, Stew-
art's corps 2,895
15,216
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 14,150
Losses stated below 4,300
Total engaged 18,450
Killed and wounded, about 4100.* Missing, 200. <*
Hi), in 1000, 222. Hit by 1000, 30.
« 76 W. R., 317, 318; 74 W. R., 41, 569, 685, 386. t> 74 W. R., 105, 456,
620, 512, 569, 604, (507, 590. <^ 74 W. R., 762, 916, 680, 821. ^ 74 W. R., 42.
' Estimated at i of left wing.
* Estimated at ^ of 3d and 4th diviaions.
' Ex. Stovall's brigade, not enjfaged, estimated at -fj of corps.
* Estimated from about 7.50 dead. In 7 out of the 14 brigades enga^fed, a loss
of 2059 was reported (74 W. R., 768, 927). General Sherman estimated the
lo88 at 5000 (72 W. R., 78) ; General Howard, at 7000 74 (W. R., 42).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 125
JONESBOROUGH, GA., AUGUST 31, 1864.
CMON AEMT.
Present for duty August 31 in 1st, 2d, and 4th di-
visions, 15th corps 8,725 "
Present for duty August 31 in 2d division and 3d
brigade, 4th division,' 16th corps 5,212 "
Present for duty August 31 in 1st brigade,' 3d di-
vision, 17th corps 1,300"
15,237
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 14,170
Killed and wounded, 179.''
Hit in 1000, 13. Hit by 1000, 122.
CONTEDERATE ARMY.
Present for duty August 31 in Lee's corps, ex. staff
and escort 11,533 '
Present for duty August 31 in Hardee's corps, ex. staff
and escort 14,071
25,604
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. .... 23,811
Killed and wounded, about ' 1725.''
Hit in 1000, 72. Hit by 1000, 7.
<■ 74 W. R., 45, 391, 554 ; 76 W. R., 743, 744. >> 74 W. R., 110, 391, 570.
<: 74 W. R., 700, 682, 683. <* 74 W. K., 109, 110, 413.
' Estimated at \ of division.
2 Estimated at \ of division.
' This numljer is reached by adding 1084 as the proportion of wonnded *o
the 241 reported aa buried, and 400 estimated by General Osterhaus as killed
and wounded in his front. The larger estimate of General Howard, and tliat
of General Logan, if intended to embrace only the loss of August 31 (74 W. R.,
45, 110), cannot be adopted in the absence of further returns. General Hood
reported 1400 as his loss in killed and wonnded (74 W. R., 633) ; but a loss of
1745 was reported in 4 divisions, and there is no report of the loss in the other
two which were actively engaged (74 W. K., 700, 701, 727, 704).
126 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
JONESBOROUGH, GA., SEPTEMBEE 1, 18ft4.
INION ASMT.
Present for duty August 31 in 14th corps, ex. Ist
brigade, 1st division * 13,441 "
Present for duty August 31 in 1st, 2d, and 4th divi-
sions, 15th corps 8,725 *
22,166
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 20,614
Deduct loss in 15th corps August 31 154
Total engaged 20,460
KUled, 223. Wounded, 946. Total, 1169.'' Missing, 105.'
Hit in 1000, 57.
CONFEDERATE ARMT.
Present for duty in Hardee's corps 14,071 ^
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 13,086
Deduct loss August 31, estimated at • 425
12,661
Hit by 1000, 92.
» 72 W. R., 517, 526; 76 W. R., 742. " 74 W. R., 110; 76 W. R., 743.
' 72 W. R., 518 ; 74 W. R., 230. " 74 W. R., 701, 702, 682.
Losses are reported for Cleburne's division of 55 killed, 197
wounded, and 659 missing. There is no return of losses in the
other two divisions.
* I^r of 1st division deducted for 1st brigade.
^ Probably a slight loss -was suffered by loth corpe, which does not appear
separately for this day in the returns.
' Deducting from the total loss of 1725 August 31, estimated ante, p. 93, the
reported loss of 1.300 in Lee's corps (74 W. R., 764), 425 is left for the loss in
Hardee's corps. (See 74 W. R., 727, for the loss in Cleburne's division.)
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 127
WINCHESTER (OPEQUAN), SEPTEMBER 19, 1864.
tWlOH ABUT.
Present for duty September 10, in lliddle
MUitary Division * 47,987 "
Deduct Military District of Harper's Ferry * 4,815 >>
Deduct 6th, 95th, and 96th Pennsylvania and
Northcott's brigade (3 regiments) . . . .'1,877 6,692 =
41,295
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93
per cent, of remainder 37,711
KUled, 697. Wounded, 3983. Total, 4680. Missing, 338.<*
Hit in 1000, 124. Hit by 1000,^ 56.
CONFEDEBATB ABMT.
Present for duty September 10 in Early's corps . . 12,090 =
Present for duty in Lomax's and Lee's ' cavalry divi-
sions 6,041 e
18,131
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent of cavalry and 93
per cent, of remainder 16,377
Killed, 276. Wounded, 1827. Total, /2103.* Missing, 1818.^
Hit in 1000, 128. Hit by 1000, 285.
«90 W. R., 60, 61. 690 W. R., 60, 61. =90 W. R., 107, 110, notes, 368. 95,
111, note. "GOW. R, 118. « 88 W. R., 1243 ; 90 W. R., 554, 555. /90 W. R.,
555.
1 Including Averell's cavalry.
2 Including Currie'8 brigade, 19th corps (90 W. R., 109, note, 873).
' Estimated in proportion to the number of regiments at xi?5 of the army.
* As the loss in the cavahry was slight, and only Lomax's division was pre-
sent September 21, 22, it is estimated that of the loss reported by General Early
September 1 to October 1, 50 were killed and 260 woouded September 19. It
is probable that some of the 1818 reported as missing were killed or wounded.
^ Lee's division estimated at }?:^ of Lomax's division (2436) in proportion to
the number of regiments (90 W. R., 566, 567).
128 NUAfBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
CHAFFIN'S farm, and forts HARRISON AND GILMER,
SEPTEMBER 29, 30, 1804.
UNION ARMY.
Present for duty September 30 in 10th corps and
Kautz's division 12,834 •■
Present for duty in 2d and 3d brigades and 2d United
States Colored Cavalry, 3d division, 18th corps . ' 1 ,978 '
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93
per cent, of remainder 13,650
Add losses September 29 1,989 '
Effectives in let and 2d divisions, 18th corps ..." 4,000 •'
Total engaged 19,639
Killed, 383. Wounded, 2299. Total, 2682. Missing, 645.'
Hit in 1000, 137.
CONFEDERATE ARMY.
Present for duty September 10 in Field's division . . 4,486-'
Present for duty September 10 3 brigades Hoke's
division ' 3,208 "
Present for duty September 10 in 4 regiments Pick-
ett's division * 987 »
Present for duty September 30 in Scales's brigade . 1,210 »
Present for duty September 20 in Gary's (865) and
Johnson's' (388) brigades 1,253*
«" 88 TV. R., 1150. " 88 W. R., 622, 11.50. ' 87 W. R., 134, 136. «' 87 W. R.,
793. ' 87 W. R., 137. / 87 W. R., 937 ; 88 W. R., 1303, 1243. » Va. Camp.,
288; 87W. R., 937; 88 W. R., 1214, 1244, 1303, 1307. * Va. Camp., 284;
88 W. R., 1213, 1302, 1303 ; 89 W. R., 70.
' Estimated at 3% of ISth corps, ex. 1st bripade, which is assumed to be
included in the 10th corps (88 W. R., 622, note,; 87 W. R., 109). General Ord's
statement that Birney's force numbered 10,000 cannot be adopted as against
the return of Sept.ember 30.
2 This number is adopted from General Ord's report in preference to an esti-
mate from the retiim of the corps, from which at least seven regiments were
absent. (Compare 87 W. R., 137 ; 88 W. R., 621 ; 89 W. R., 400.) General
Humphreys states that the force consisted of 2CKX) men from the 1st and 20(X)
men from the 2d division (Va. Camp., 285).
' Estimated at } of the division.
* Estimated at ^ of the division.
' Sometimes called Fulton's brigade. (See Va. Camp., 284 ; 89 W. R., 70 ;
88 W. R., 1284, 1285.)
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 129
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and
93 per cent, of remainder 10,836
Hit by 1000, 247.
The only report of casualties in the Records gives 377 killed and
wounded in Bratton's brigade of 1294.'
i87W.K.,880.
CEDAR CBEEK, OCTOBEE 19, 1864.
CinON ARMY.
Present for duty October 30 in 6th and
19th corps , 21,946 "
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. . .
Effectives in the Army of West Virginia
Detachment from Kitching's prov. division
Present for duty September 30 in Tor-
hut's cavalry
Present for duty September 30 in 2d di-
vision Cav. Army of West Virginia .
Effective cavalry, estimated at 85 per cent.
Deduct 11 regiments detached .
Deduct loss October 13 . . .
20,409
1 4,580 »
» 1,200 =
6,885
a 2,444 d
7,929
♦ 3,080 «
209-^
34,118
3,289
30,829
. Missing,
1591.»
Total engaged
Killed, 644. Wounded, 3430. Total, 4074,
Hit in 1000, 132. Hit by 1000, 60.
<■ 90 W. E., 52 et seq. ; 91 W. R., 248. » 90 W. R., 52 et seq., 365. ' 90
W. R., 129 note. <* 90 w. R., 52 et seq. ; 91 W. R., 248. «90 W. R., 125, 127,
notes. /90 W. R., 365. » 90 W. R., 137.
1 The return of September 30 (91 W. R., 248) does not serve, because it
includes forces at Harper's Ferry (90 W. R., 981-984), and the number of
effectives is reached by adding to 4000 bayonets reported by General Crook
(90 W. R., 365) an estimate of 280 for officers and 300 for the 3 batteries.
An arbitrary estimate. The force consisted of a small detachment of Ist
brigade and a portion of the 6th New York artillery. (See 91 W. R., 427.)
' This number is taken from a return on file in the War Department. The
published return of September 30 (91 W. R., 248) includes the Ist division.
(See 90 W. R., 983 ; 91 W. R., 510.)
* Estimated proportionately to the oomber of regiments.
130 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
COMFBDBKATE ABMT.
Present for duty October 31 in Valley district . . . ' 12,511 *
Present for duty October 23 in cavalry • 4,546 *
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93
per cent, of remainder 15,499
Add loss October 19 (as below) 2,911
Total engaged 18,410
KiUed, 320. Wounded, 1540. Total, 1860. Missing, 1050.'
Hit in 1000, 101. Hit by 1000, 221.
J* 90 W. R., 564 ; 89 W. R., 1186 ; 91 W. R., 903. ' Reg. Losses, 551.
BOTDTON PLANK ROAD, OCTOBER 27, 28, 1864.
nnON ARMY.
Present for duty October 31 in 2d, 5th, and 9th corps 52,238 »
Add losses October 27, 28 1,487 "
53,725
Deduct 1st division, 2d corps (6800), Baxter's brig-
ade, 5th corps (2500), detachments 9th corps
(1900), and 21 batteries 2d, 5th, and 9th corps
(estimated at 1770) 12,970-^
• 40,755
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 37,902
Gregg's cavalry division, effectives, estimated at 85 per
cent, of 5471 « present for duty plus loss (271)
October 27, 28 * 4,921
Total engaged 42,823
« 89 W. R., 457. '' 87 W. R., 155-159. ■• 87 W. R., 410, 237, 4.?4, 60; 89
W. R., 462, 460, 463.
' Perhaps about 800 sliould be dedncteJ for recruits joining after October
19. 91 \V. K., 911, note ; 129 VV. R., 716, 858, 887.
2 Estimated for 4 brigades by the proportion between " present " and " pre-
sent for duty " in the other 3 brigades.
' General Humphreys's estimate of about 32.000 effective infantry apparently
excludes the 3913 imtrained men in 5th corps (Va. Camp., 290 and note).
* Comparison with the returns of September 30 (87 W. R., 39, 40; 88
W. R., 1150 ; 89 W. R., 457) raises the doubt whether there is not error in the
return of number present for duty equipped for October which misled General
Ilumphreys in estimating Gregg's cavalry at about 3000 (Va. Camp., 295).
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 131
d
KiUed, 166. Wounded, 1028. Total, 1194. Missing, 564
Hit in 1000, 28.
CONFEDJEBATE ABMT.
Hill's corps, effectives, estimated at 93 per cent, of
present for duty October 20 ■ 15,386"
Hampton's cavalry corps, effectives, estimated at 85
^. 4,938'
per cent. ^_^^
Total engaged • • 20,324
(There is no record of casualties on Confederate side.)
" 89 W. R., 1156. » 89 W. R., 1156 ; 87 W. R., 853, 949.
FRANKLIN, NOVKMBER 30, 1864.
uiaoN ABjnr.
Present for duty November 30 in Ist and 2d divisions,
4thcorps ;i2,570-
Present for duty November 30 in 23d corps .... * 10,591
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 21,539
Cavalry,about ^6^'
Total engaged 27,939
KiUed, 189. Wounded, 1033. Total, 1222.* Missing, 1104."
Hit in 1000, ' 40. Hit by 1000, * 199.
<. 93 W. R., 342, 53, 91. ^ 93 W. R., 559, 91, 53. <= 93 W. R., 343.
1 The 3d division, 4th corps, estimated at IJ of the corps, is excluded, be-
cause it was posted on the north side of the Harpeth River, was not engaged,
and apparently had no influence in the battle.
2 The Ist division, 23d corps, had been broken np June 9 (75 W. R., 448).
The 72d Illinois and 44th Missouri, having been assigned to the 23d corps
before November 30 (93 W. R., 393, 395), are assumed to have been included
in the return of that corps November 30.
3 It is a.ssumed that General Wilson gives the number of eftectivcB. Ham-
mond's brigade is assumed to equal f of the 7th divison, and 85 per cent, of it
to be effective.
* The casualties in the cavalry are not included, as they are not reported
separately for this batUe. There were 64:5 killed and wounded in the cam-
paign (93 W. R., 568).
5 The losses in the cavalry would increase these figures slightly ; probably
not over 10. In the infantry and artillery alone, the number hit in 1000 was
52 on the Union and 263 on the Confederate side.
132 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
COMFEDEIUTE ABMT.
Present for duty November 6 in Stewart's and Cheat-
ham's corps, and Johnson's, division, Lee's corpa . 25,490 "*
Deduct Ector's ' and Smith's ' brigades 1,944 <
23,546
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 21,897
Forrest's cavalry, about 5,000 •'"
Total engaged • 26,897
KiUed, 1750. Wounded, < 3800. Total, 5550.<' Missing, 702."
Hit in 1000, « 206. Hit by 1000, '45.
" 93 W.R., 653,678. • 93 W. R., 708, 739. ^93 W. R.,752,754. a93W.R.,
344.
NASHVILLE, DECEMBEB 15, 16, 1864.
UNION ASUT.
Present for duty December 10 in 4th and
23d corps, and Smith's and part of Steed-
man's commands 41,000"
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. . . . 38,130
Present for duty December 10 in 5th, 6th,
and 7th divisions, cavahy corps .... 12,522 ^
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent. . . . 10,643
Effectives, Croxton's brigade cavalry • . . 1,000 "^
Total engaged 49,773
« 93 W. R., 90, 54, 504, 511, 512. » 93 W. R., 95, 55. ' 93 W. R., 572.
> Estimated at J of French's division (93 W. R., 681).
^ Estimated at J of Cleburne's division (93 W. R., 681).
* Clayton's division, Lee's corps (2431 strong), is omitted, because it arrived
too late to join in the attack, and apparently had no influence on the action
(93 W. R., 687, 697).
* The losses in the cavalry are not included, as they are not reported sepa-
rately for this action. 2t)9 were killed and wounded in November (It.'i W. R.,
761). The returns g^ve 3014 killed and wounded in Stewart's corps and
Bate's division. In the other infantry divisions, the number present December
10 was 3440 less than November 6 (93 W. R., 678, 679). There are no returns
for the other commands. The number of wounded given above includes only
those who were placed in hospital. Probably there were several hundred
slightly wounded besides.
' The losses in the cavalry would increase these figures slightly ; probably
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 133
Killed, 387. Wounded, 2562. Total, 2949.'' Missing, 112."
Hit in 1000, 59.
CONPEDEBATE ABMT.
Present for duty December 9 in Lee's, Stewart's,^
and Cheatham's corps ^ 23,793 «
Eflectives estimated at 93 per cent 22,127
Chalmers's cavah'y division, about '1,080-''
Total engaged 23,207
<» 93 W. R., 105. ' 93 W. B., 679. / 93 W. R., 765.
There is no report of killed and wounded. General Hood re-
ported the number as "very small" (94 W. R., 699). The Union
army captured 4462 prisoners (93 W. R., 40).
hatcher's bun, FEBKTTART, 5-7, 1865.
union aemt.*
2d corps effectives "10,988°
5th corps, present for duty equipped, January 31 . . ° 17,032 >>
Gregg's cavalry division, present for duty equipped,
January 31 •6,497»
Total engaged ' 34,517 =
" 95 W. R., 191. <■ 95 W. R., 61. ^ 95 W. R., 61.
not by over 10. In the infantry and artillery alone, the number hit in 1000 was
52 on the Union and 263 on the Confederate side.
1 Sears's brigade of French's division, estimated at 240 trom 210 " effectives "
reported (p. 680).
2 Palmer's brigade of Stevenson's division, Cockerell's brigade of French's
division, and Smith's brigade of Cleburne's division, are not included. (See 93
W. R., 679 note, 694, 711, 740.)
» 7th Alabama, estimated at J of the division. (See 93 W. R., 761, 762.)
♦ 95 W. R., 151.
* Comparison with returns, p. 61, leads to the conclusion that the number
stated by General Humphreys includes effectives only. 200 is added as an
estimate for the artillery.
s It is possible that the number of effectives was smaller. There are no
returns of the number present for duty in the Records from which to compute
the number of effectives.
' The detachment from 6th and 9th corps, which were ordered to the field,
are not included, as they took no part in the engagement (95 W. R., 298, 299,
341).
134 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
KiUed, 170. Wounded, 1160. Total, 1330. Missing, 182."
Hit in 1000, 39.
CONFEDEBATE ARMY.
Present for duty January 31 in Early's, Pegram's,
Gordon's, Evans's, Mahone's, and Heth's divisions ' 14,877 '
EfEectives estimated at 93 per cent 13,835
<* 95 W. R., 69. « 95 W. B., 381, 385, 390, 391.
No report of killed and wounded.
BENTONVILLE, MARCH 19,^' 1865.
UNION ARMY.
Present for duty February 28 in 1st and 2d divisions,
14th corps « 9,050 "
Present for duty February 28 in Ist and 3d divisions,
20th corps * 8,940 "
•17,990
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent.' 16,730
Deduct losses to March 16 603 »
Total engaged 16,127
" 99 W. R., 622 ; 98 W. R., 423, 51, 52. » 98 W. R., 64, 6.5.
' February 8 General Lee wrote : " All the disposable force of the ri|^ht
wing of the array has been operating- against the enemy beyond Hatcher's Run
since Sunday " (p. 381). This, with Colonel Peck's report (p. .391), justifies in-
cluding Heth's division, and probably requires that more should be included,
but the Records do not show the constitution of this right wing.
^ The action of the 19th was distinct from those of 20th and 21st.. It was
fought entirely on Union ground, and on the Union side by troops of the left
wing alone. Troops of the right wing were engaged on the 20th and 21st, and
the action was on Confederate ground (98 W. R., 424, 10.50).
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at j^ of the corps.
* Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at ] J of the corps.
' The cavalry are not included, as they were held in reserve and suffered no
loss (98 W. R., 424).
' The usual estimate of 9.S per cent, is here taken, instead of the " effective
strength " as reported (98 W. R., 43), because, by comparison with the return
of present for duty it is seen that for the 20th corps the effective strength is
calculated upon a basis which is different from that used for the 14th corps,
and is inadequate.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 135
Killed, 139. Wounded, 794. Total, 933.i Missing, 170."=
Hit in 1000, 58. Hit by 1000, 94.
COITFEDERATII ABUT.
" Effective strength " March 17 « 16,895 "*
Killed, 195. Wounded, 1313. Total, 1508," Missing, 610.'
Hit in 1000, 89. Hit by 1000, 55.
<= 98 W. R., 588, 72, 486. •< 98 W. R., 1056 ; 99 W. R., 1408. ' 98 W. R.,
1059, 1060.
APPOMATTOX CAMPAIGN, MARCH 29-APEIL 9, 1865.
CiaOK ABMT.*
Present for duty in artillery and infantry of Army of
Potomac * 78,061"
Present for duty in artillery and infantry of Army of
James «27,762"
105,823
f
Present for duty in cavalry of Army of James . . . ' 3,061 "
Present for duty in cavalry imder Sheridan . . . . ' 13,426 "
16,487
» 97 W. R., 389-391.
' It !s apparent, from General Morgan's report, that substantially all the loss
in his division occurred on the 19th.
^ General Johnston states that he took into action " about 15,000 men " (98
W. R., 1050). This probably omits officers and artillery. The cavalry were
not engaged (98 W. R., 1057).
' It is apparent in General Johnston's report (p. 1057) that Hardee's corps
was not seriously engaged on the 20th or 21st. It is therefore assumed that all
the loss of this corps occurred on the 19th.
* See 95 W. R., 564.
s Ex. headquarters, provost guard. Post of City Ft, Engineers' Brigade, Ind.
Co. Cavalry, and Signal Corps.
' Ex. general headquarters, 1st New York Engineers, pontoneers, Carr's sepa-
rate brigade, District of East Virginia (7069).
' Ex. 1st Xew York Mounted Rifles (95 W. R., 576 note).
8 Gener.il Sheridan reported 9UO0 effectives (95 W. R., 1101). It does not
appear whether he included officers and artillery. 85 per cent, of the number
present for duty = 11,412.
136 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
E£Fective8 estimated at 93 per cent, of artillery and
infantry, and 85 per cent, of cavalry 112,428
Add losses March 29-30 464 "
Total engaged 112,892
Killed, 1316. Wounded, 7750. Total, 9066. Missing, 1714.'
Hit in 1000, 80.
CONFEDERATE ARMT.
Present for duty in Army of Northern Vir-
ginia, March 1, infantry 41,687 ■*
February 20, artillery 6,428 <'
March 1, cavalry 4,711 ''
March 20, Department of Richmond . . 4,275 «
December 31, 1864, Rosser's cavalry . . '2,000/
51,390 6,711
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery, and 85 per cent, of cavalry 53,496
Deduct loss of March 24, estimated at 4,000 »
Total engaged 49,4%
» 97 W. R., 172, 301, 318; 95 W. B., 1128, 1135. ' 95 W. R., 597. '' 95
W. R., 389, 388, 390. • 97 W. R., 1331. /" 91 W. R., 928, 929. ■> Va. Camp.,
321.
There is no record of the number killed and wounded on the Con-
federate side, and the records do not furnish a basis from which to
compute the number accurately. The following may serve as an
approximate accounting for the 54,000 present for duty March 29,
as above stated : —
i Estimated as equal to Lomax's diTision.
NUMBERS AND LOSSES JN THE CIVIL WAR 137
Captured March 29-Apra 7 13,769 "
Surrendered at Appomattox, ex. 1466 miscellaneous
troops 26,765"
Cavaby which escaped at Appomattox 2,400 "^
Cavalry which left the ranks in the campaign (esti-
mated) 1,000
Desertions from March 1, estimated at 100 per day . 3,800 f*
Killed and wounded 6,266
64,000
<■ 95 W. R., 675, 800, 938, 1041, 1105, 1182. » 95 W. R., 1279. ' 95 W. R.,
1303. <' 97 W. R., 1353 j 96 W. R., 1265.
DINWIDDIE COURT HOUSE AND WHITE OAK ROAD,
MARCH 29-31, 1865.
UNION ARMY.
Present for duty March 31 in 2d and 5th corps . . 37,432 "
Present for duty March 31 in Sheridan's cavalry . . * 11,815 "
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry corps,
and 85 per cent, of cavalry 44,853
Add loss of 5th corps, March 29 and 30 394"
Total engaged » 45,247
Killed and wounded, 2198.= Missing, 583."^
Hit in 1000, 48.
CONFEDERATE ABMT.'
Present for duty March 1 in cavalry corps, Army of
Northern Virginia * 4,711 ■*
Present for duty March 1 in Rosser's cavalry division ' 2,000 '
<■ 97 W. R., 389, 391. » 95 W. R., 803, 810. ' 95 W. R., 677, 827, 1110.
•> 95 W. R., 390. » 91 W. R., 928, 929.
' 2d brigade of Custer's division deducted, estimated at ^ of corps.
* General Sheridan reported that his whole effective force of cavalry was
9000 (95 W. R., 1101), deducting from which 1080 (i%) for 2d brigade, Custer's
division, would leave 7920. This would make the total force engaged on the
Union side 42,037.
» Va. Camp., 325-335; record of Warren court, 95 W. R., 1286, 1299.
* General Fitzhugh Lee, before the Warren Court of Inquiry, estimated his
cavalry at " 3200 sabres " (page 468 et seq.). Adding 210 for Roberts's brig-
ade, which apparently he excluded, .500 for 5 batteries, and 10 per cent, for
officers, would give 4300. This would make the total force engaged on the
Confederate side 17,619.
' Estimated to be equal to Lomaz's division, December 31.
138 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
Present for duty March 1 in MacRae's and Cook's
brigades '2,210/
Present for duty March 1 in McGowan's and Scales's
brigades "2,604/
jf Pickett's division 5,391/
Johnson's division . . . • 6,813/
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and
artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry '21,530
Deduct for desertions in March, say l.-'SOO «
20,030
/ 95 W. R., 1272, 388, 389. » 97 W. E., 1353 ; 96 W. R., 1265.
The only return of casualties is for Johnson's division, in which
General Johnson rejwrted about 1050 killed, wounded, and missing
(95 W. R., 1287, 1288).
ASSAULT AT PETERSBURG, APRIL 2, 1865.
UNION ARMY.
Present for duty March 31 in 2d, 6tb, and 9th corps 60,478 ""
Present for duty March 31 in 24th and 2oth corps * . 8,149 "
68,627
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 63,823
Deduct losses March 29-April 1 '524'
Total engaged 63,299
KUled, 625. "Wounded, 3189. Total, 3814.'^ Missing, 326."
Hit in 1000, 60.
" 95 W. R., 603, 1160; 97 W. R., .389, 390. " 95 W. R., 677, 1185, 1219.
' 95 W. R., 680,908, 1056, 1065, 1186, 1195, 1206, 1208, 1209.
' Estimated at i of Heth's division.
* Estimated at } of Wilcox's division. Possibly deduction shoold be made
for loss March 2.j in Stewart's brigade, Pickett's division. (See 97 W. R.,
l.'iol ; Mana-ssas to Appomattox, .505.)
' An addition should be made for artillery. The number cannot be fixed.
* Turner's. Foster's, and Bimey's divisions.
^ It is possible that this number should be somewhat increased, for General
Ord reported (95 W. R., 1160) that operations to April 1 " cost me several hun-
dred men."
NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 139
CONFEDERATE ARMY.l
Present for duty March 1 in Field's division 1st
corps, 2d corps, and Heth's and Wilcox's divisions,
3d corps 22,491''
Present for duty February 20, artillery ^3,720 «
26,211
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 24,376
Deduct losses March 25 to April 1, estimated at 4300-''
Deduct desertions from March 1, estimated at 1500 o 5,800 "
Total engaged 18,576
(There is no record of losses.)
Hit by 1000, 205.
d 95 W. R., 388, 389. ' 9.5 W. R., 388. / Va. Camp., 321 ; 95 W. R., 1016.
0 See General Lee's letter, 97 W. R., 1353.
1 Of the 1st corps, 3 brigades of Pickett's division were in retreat from Five
Forks, and Hunton's brigade of same division was en route to join them (95
W. R., 1263, 1288). Kershaw's division was in front of Richmond (95 W. R.,
1283), Field's division was in front of Petersburg (97 W. R., 1375) ; and of the
3d corps, Mahone's division was on the Bermuda front, and the remainder of
these corps, with the 2d corps, were in front of Petersburg (97 W. R., 1379).
Andersons infantry was with Pickett, or en route to hun (95 W. R., 1287,
1288).
' Including ^ of 1st corps and | of 3d corps of artillery, and an estimate pro-
portionate to the infantry for the artillery of the 2d corps.
Note.
See Preface to Second Edition, ante, for explanation of the heading " Hit by
1000 " in the foregoing and following tables.
140 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR
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INDEX
Alabama and West Florida, force in,
32.
Alabama militia, 60 ; regiments, 7.
Arkansas census, 19 ; Confederate or-
ganizations, ly i state troops, 19.
Army of Potomac, Confederate,
strength of regiments, 33.
Arroyo, Colonel, roster of Lonisiana
troops, 25, 33.
Assaults on fortified lines, table of
losses in, 75.
Battalions, Confederate, strength of,
26, 32.
Battles: — Arkansas Post, 75, 76, 140,
145 ; AUanta, 75, 76, 122, 124, 141,
142, 143, 144, 145; Atlanta cam-
paign, 119, 141, 143, 144; Benton-
^e, 75, 76, 134, 141, 144, 145;
Boydton Plank Koad, 130, 141, 145 ;
BuU Run, 76, 77, 140, 144, 145;
Cedar Creek, 76, 129, 141, 143; Ce-
dar Mountain, 75, 76, 140, 142, 144;
Chaffin's Farm, 75, 128, 141, 143;
Champion HiU, 76, 99, 140, 14:3,
144; Chattanooga, 75, 76, 106, 141,
144, 145; Chancellorsville, 75, 76,
98, ' 140, 142, 143 ; ChantiUy, 88,
142 ; Chickasaw Bayon, 75, 76, 96,
140, 145 ; Chickamauga, 74, 75, 76,
105, 141, 142 ; Cold Harbor, 75, 114,
141, 143 ; Corinth, 75, 76, 94, 140,
143; Deep Bottom, 75, 117, 141,
144; Dinwiddle, 76, 137, 141, 14t ;
Drewry's Bluff, 75, 76, 113, 141,
143 ; Fair Oaks, 75, 70, 81, 140, 143 ;
Five Forks, 75, note ; Fort Donelson,
75, 140, 144 ; Fort Gilmer, 128 ; Fort
Harrison, 128 ; Fort Wagner, 75, 76,
104, 141, 142, 144 ; Fredericksbni^,
74, '75. 76, 96, 98, 140, 143, 145;
Franklin, 75, 77, 131, 141, 142, 145 ;
Gaines's MiU, 76, 82, 140, 143;
Gettysburg, 72, 73, 75, 76, 102, 140^
142; Harper's Ferry, 75, note;
Hatcher's Run, 133, 141, 145;
Jonesborough, 75, 76, 125, 141, 144,
145 ; Kenesaw Mountain, 75, (6,
120, 141 ; Malvern Hill, Peach Or-
chard to, 77, 84, 144, 145 ; Manassas,
75, 76, 88, 142, 143 ; Mechanicsville,
75, 77, 82, 144 ; Mine, The, 75, 116,
141, 143 ; Mine Run, 70, 108, 141,
145; NashvUle, 75, 76, 132, 141,
145 ; Olustee, 73, 74, 75, 76, 141,
142, 143; Pea Ridge, 75, 76, 79,
109 143, 145; Peach Orchard to
Malvern' Hill, 77, 84, 144, 145;
Peach Tree Creek, 75, 76, 122, 141,
143, 144 ; Perryville, 75, 76, 95, 142,
144; Petersburg, 75, 76, 115, 138,
141, 143, 145 ; Pleasant Hill, 75, 76,
109, 141, 144; Port Hudson, 73, 75,
76, ioi, 142, 143, 145 ; Prairie Grove,
75, 76, 95, 144; Richmond, Ky.,
76*, 89, 143, 144; Seven Days'
Battles, 87, 142, 143 ; Shiloh, 74, 75,
76, 79, 142, 143; South Mountain,
75', 76, 90, 143, 144 ; Spottsylvania,
•73 75 112, 141, 143, 144; Stone's
Ri'ver, 72, 75, 76, 97, 142 ; Tupelo,
75, 76, 121, 141, 142, 145 ; Vicksbnrg,
75 100, 144 ; Weldon Railroad, 16,
•75! 76,' 118, 141, 144; White Oak
Road, 137 ; WUdemess, 72, 73, 110.
14?; WUliamsburg, 77, 80, 145;
Wilson's Creek, 75, 76, 78, 143, 144 ;
Winchester, 75,76, 127, 141, 143.
Border States, men from, in Confeder-
ate Army, 19.
Bragg, General, letter to General Lee,
17 ; circular of, 67.
Brown, Governor, statement of Georgia
troops, 25.
N7
148
INDEX
Casualties, stated by Qeneral Cooper,
3 ; in Confederate muster-rolls, 5 ;
comparison of Confederate and
Union, 47, 46.
Cassellraan, Colonel, estimate of Con-
federate numbers, 4U.
Census of 1800 for Southern States,
21 ; Confederate numbers estimated
from, U), 21, 22.
Colored troops, r>0, note.
Companies, strength of, in Confederate
regiments, 30-i!2.
Confederate : — Casualties, 3 ; deaths
in battle, 3, 4, 5 ; — from disease, 3,
4 ; — from wounds, 3, 4, 5, 0, 63 ; —
in Northern prisons, 4, 7 ; desertions
and discharges, 3, 4, 5, 7 ; enlist-
ments in U. S. army, 7 ; hospital
returns, 3, 8, 9 ; leaders compared
with Union leaders, 71; militia, 8;
muster-rolls, 5, 0, S ; numbers, 1 ;
numbers at close of war, 4, 7 ; num-
bers estimated by writer, 7,8; — by
Southern writers and others, 2, 40 ;
— by War Records Office, 40 ; —
from Confederate muster-rolls, 5 ; —
from census, 0, 10; — from number
of regiments, 26, 30, 39 ; number on
basis of 3 years' service, 61 ; ratio of
numbers to Union enlistments, 62 ;
prisoners, 3, 7 ; recruits, 5, 8 ; regu-
lar army, 30, oh ; regiments, strength
of, 24, 30-34 ; reserves, 22, 23, 27 ;
number surrendered, 7 ; term of ser-
vice, 10, 11, 51, .'■)6, 59, 01 ; state offi-
cials' estimates of troops, 2.1-25, ,'iS.
Confederate army : — Rosters, 20, 27,
29 ; average strength compared with
Union armies at various dates, 42,
47, 48 ; summary of numbers in, 61 ;
irregular organizations in, 8, 22, 35,
39, 47, 60, 61.
Confederate Congress, acts of, 10, 11,
13, 20, 30.
Conscription, Confederate Borean, 13-
15, 18; Laws, 10, 1.3, 18.
Conscripts, Confederate, age of, 21 ;
number of, 35; number east of Mis-
sissippi River, 18 ; — west of Missis-
sippi River, 19, 20.
Cooper, Confederate Adjutant-General,
statement of numbers and casual-
ties, 2, 3 ; report of numbers March
1, 1862, 44.
Courage, limit of, in victory, defeat,
and ruut, 72.
Courage and efficiency of Confederate
and Union armies compared, 70, 77,
note.
Davis, Major George B., 42.
Davis, President, promulgation of,
April, 1802, 11.
Deaths, Confederate, from disease, 3,
4, 5, 7 ; in battle and from wounds,
3, 4, 5, 7 ; Union, from disease and
accident, 8, 47, 48 ; from wounds, 6,
47 ; ratio of deaths from disease in
Confederate and Union armies, 8.
Defeats, table of losses in, 75.
Desertions, Confederate, 4, 5, 7 ; Union,
48.
Discharges, Confederate, 3, 4, 5, 7 ;
Union, 48.
Drafts by Confederate States, 52 ;
Union, 11.
Early, General, estimate of Confederate
numbers, 2.
Effectives, compared with " present for
duty," 00-70 ; method of comput-
ing, 67 et seq.
Efficiency and courage of Confederate
and Union armies compared, 70.
Emergency men, in Union array, 50, 63.
Enlistments, number in Union Army,
1.
Exempts from Confederate conscript
laws, 11,1.3,18,22.
Failures, table of losses in, 75.
Florida, troops from, 25, 3S ; special
troops and reserAes, CO.
Fortified lines, assaults on, 75.
Fox, Colonel, regimental losses, 5, 28 ;
lists of Confederate regiments, 28.
Georgia, troops in Confederate service,
25, .38; state guards, 25, 30, 60;
militia, 25.
INDEX
149
Grant, General, General Lee's com-
ments on his plans, IG, 17.
Hancock's Division, 74 ; Veteran
Corps, 1.
Hit per 1000, in Confederate army in
48 battles of Table A, 64, 65 ; for
Domber serving three years, 65 ; in
Union army in 48 battles of Table
A, 64, 65 ; for number serving three
years, 65 ; in 63 battles, 65, 66 ; ex-
treme instances, 72-74.
Hospitals, Confederate, retnms of, 8,
9 ; number of cases in, 8.
Hostilities, termination of, May 4, 1865,
49.
Jackson. General " Stonewall," 71.
James River, demonstrations north
of, 16.
Jones, Colonel Charles C, roeter, 26,
27.
Jones, Dr. Joseph, estimate of Con-
federate numbers, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 ;
statement of number of cases in hos-
pitals, 8 ; list of Confederate organ-
izations, 27, 28.
Kentucky, central (Confederate)
army, 32.
Killed, ratio to wounded, 6, 63, 66 ; re-
ported as missing, 64, note.
Killed and wounded, in Confederate
army, 3, 4, 5, 7, 64 ; in Union army,
6,9,63.
Kirkley, J. W., statement of Union
killed and wounded, 6.
Lee, General, letters of, 11, 12, 15, 17.
Legions, Confederate, 54.
Local defense. Confederate troops for,
19, 22, 28, 30, .35, 36, 52.
Louisiana ; militia, 60 ; regiments,
strength, >33 ; roster of troops, 33 ;
number of troops, 25.
Militia, Confederate, 59 ; Union. 1.
31issing who were killed, 64, note.
Missis.sippi ; militia, 35, 60 ; troops in
Confederate army, 24, 38.
Mississippi River, Confederate troops
east of, 18 ; west of, 19, 20.
Moore's roster of North Carolina
troops, 23, 36, 37, .55.
Muster-rolls, Confederate, 5.
Negfroes, employment of, by Confeder-
ates, 16, 17, 20.
Noncombatants, number included in
'• presem, for duty," 67.
North, resources of the, 3.
North Carolina, Governor's proclama-
tion Dec. 20, 1864, 18; militia and
reserves, 23, 30-.36, 60; martial
spirit, etc., 37 ; Moore's roster, 23,
36, 37, 55 ; troops from, 24 ; troops
in Department of, 32.
Northern ; courage not disparaged by
superior numbers, 3 ; prisons, 4, 7.
Norabers, summary of calculations of,
63 ; in Confederate army and on
basis of 3 years' service, 40, 61 ; in
Union army and on basis of 3 years*
service, 1,50; method of ascertain-
ing, 66.
Officers, per cent, of, in both armies,
69, 70.
Present for duty ; compared with ef-
fectives, 66 et seq. ; " equipped,"
66, 69; noncombatants included in,
67.
Ratios : — Killed to wounded, 6, 9, 63 ;
Confederate numbers to Union en-
listments, 40 ; between deaths by
disease in Confederate and Union
armies, S, 9 ; of Union wounded ap-
plied to Confederate numbers, 6 ; of
per cents, of loss applied to numbers,
65 ; of average strength of armies
compared with ratio of numbers, 41 ;
of average strength of armies com-
pared with numbers reduced to 3
years' basis, 62.
Recruits, Confederate, 35 ; term of
service, 58.
Reenlistments, Confederate, 39, 52, 53 ;
Union, 1.
150
INDEX
Regiments, nnmber of Confedarate,
1>0-21> ; stren^ of, 30-^ ; streng:tli
of Union, OS.
" Regimental Losses," 5, 2$.
Seserres, Confederate senior and
jimior, Ui, 22, 23, 27.
Retreats predetermined, "7.
Ketunis of armies compared with esti-
mates of nunibers, t>2 ; of Confed-
erate armies, 32, 42— 14 ; of Union
army, 47.
Rosters, of Confederate army, 26-29 ;
of Louisiana troops, SS,
Routs, 72 ; table of loaaes in, 16.
Second Army Corps (Union), 73.
Service, term of Confederate troops,
51, et seq. ; of Union troops, uO.
Sonthern valor, 3.
t>tepliens. Alexander H., estimate of
Confederate numbers, 2.
Stone, Colonel Uenry W., list of Con-
federate organisations, Ul, 2i), 30, 37.
Summary of calculations of numbers.
Tables A and B, 140-14o.
Tennessee, refugees from, 22-24 ; reg-
iments in Union army, 19, 24 ; regi-
ments in Confederate army, 27, 29.
Texas, census uf IStiO, U) ; state
troops, 3ti, OO ; Confederate troops,
19, 27, 29.
Union army : — Deaths from disease
and accident, 8 ; from wounds, 9 ;
number of enlistments. 1 : iudirid-
uals, 1 ; reenlistments. 1 ; repments
not in action. tiS : returns. 47.
Union leaders compared with Confed-
erate, 71.
Union tioops serving short terms, 47.
Veteran Corps (Hancock's), 1.
Veteran Reserve Corps, 1 , t>3.
Victories, table of losses in, 76.
Virginia, militia, 30, 36, 61 ; regiments'
strength, 33.
Wounded, number of Union, 9 ; ratio
to Confederate number. 9; number
of Confederate, tio, ti4.
Wright, General Marcus J., estimate
of Confederate numbers, 2.
Zollicoffer, General, his command, S3.
(Sbc ttitocTi^itie f>veii
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